Driving Stick Shift Essay Example for Free

Driving Stick Shift Essay Learning to drive a stick shift is one of the things I mastered in life because of the effort and practice I’ve invested. I can still remember the day I learned how to drive a manual transmission car. My cousin stopped by our house and I asked him to teach me how to drive. The only problem was his car was a stick shift. I honestly got intimidated by those horrendous three pedals and that hair-chilling gear shifter, but nothing stopped me from wanting to learn because I knew it would be worth it and I thought I would make me look cooler. So he grabbed the keys and drove to a parking lot that had a wide empty road. He stopped, turned off the car, got out and said â€Å"Okay, your turn. † So I began the initiation into the high art of driving a stick shift. He gave me all the instructions, he told me to press down on the clutch so I can start the car. I kept my left foot on the clutch and put the car in first gear. I slowly released the clutch as I was slowly pressing on the gas pedal. Then, boom! I stalled and the car shut off. My cousin started laughing. I tried to get the car started again and I still stalled on my fifth attempt. He continued laughing while giving me advices. Finally, on my sixth attempt I got the car going. When he saw that I could stop and get the car moving normally and shift gears without grinding the clutch, he gave me the green light to drive to the main streets and freeways. It took me a lot of practices and effort before I got the gist of it. It was all worth it, I actually enjoyed it and promised that my next car would be a stick shift. At first I thought having a stick shift car would only make me look cooler, but when I had my own car I actually learned that it’s less expensive then automatic cars, gets better gas mileage and most of all it’s simply more fun!

Impact of the Financial Crisis on Banks and Banking

Impact of the Financial Crisis on Banks and Banking A bank is a financial intermediary that offers loans and deposits, and payment services. Its core activity is to provide loans to borrowers and to collect deposits from savers. Banks stock money, people need money; therefore, people need banks. Banks provide a home for peoples money, which is something accountants do not do; and banks also lend money, which accountants certainly do not do. There are three main kinds of banking: commercial banking, investment banking and central banking. Commercial banking is the traditional role of the banker as it relates to the taking of deposits and granting of loans. Commercial banking is split into two types: retail banks and wholesale banks. Retail banking relates to financial services provided to consumers and is usually small-scale in nature. Retail banks are often known as High Street banks, because they large branch networks, many of them comprising well over a thousand branches, usually located in the main shopping streets. Wholesale banks are found in the major financial centres of the world, eg London, New York, Frankfurt, Hongkong and Tokyo. They serve the major companies and have large-scale dealings with other banks throughout the world. The key different between these is that retail banks borrow from and lend to members of public and companies whilst wholesale banks deal with other banks and with governments (national and overseas). Investment banks are a US creation; and it could not be combined with commercial banks in one institution. The main role of investment banks is to help companies and governments raise funds in the capital market either through the issue of stock or debt (bonds). Typically, their activities cover the following areas: financial advisory; underwriting of securities issues; trading and investing in securities on behalf of the bank or for clients; asset management; other securities services. A central bank can generally be defined as a financial institution responsible for overseeing the monetary system for a nation, or a group of nations, with the goal of fostering economic growth without inflation. The core functions of central banks in any countries are: to manage monetary policy with the aim of achieving price stability; to prevent liquidity crises, situations of money market disorders and financial crises; and to ensure the smooth functioning of the payment system. Banks, as other financial intermediaries, play a pivotal role in the economy, channelling funds from units in surplus to units in deficit. Financial crisis: The financial crisis of 2007-2009 has been called the most serious financial crisis since the Great Depression by leading economists, with its global effects characterized by the failure if key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S dollars, substantial financial commitments incurred by governments, and a significant decline in economic activity. The immediate cause or trigger of the crisis was the bursting of the United States housing bubble which peaked in approximately 2005-2006. High default rates on subprime and ARM (adjustable rate mortgages), began to increase quickly thereafter. An increase in loan incentives such as easy initial terms and a long-term trend of rising housing prices had encouraged borrowers to assume difficult mortgages in the belief they would be able to quickly refinance at more favourable terms. However, once interest rates began to rise and housing prices started to drop moderately in 2006-2007 in many parts of the U.S, r efinancing became more difficult. Defaults and foreclosure activity increased dramatically as easy initial terms expired, home prices failed to go up as anticipated, and ARM interest rates reset higher. In the years leading up to the start of the crisis in 2007, significant amounts of foreign money flowed into the U.S from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries. This inflow of funds combined with low U.S interest rates from 2002-2004 contributed to easy credit conditions, which fuelled both housing and credit bubbles. Then, the global financial crisis really started to show its effects in middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the .world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. Literature Review: The world economy is experiencing perhaps the most serious financial crisis since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in the early 1970s, in terms of both its scope and its effects. Its impact is much more global than that of the financial crisis we have seen in the past two or three decades. Today, global financial integration is much more pervasive, and the Asian countries have a much higher share of world trade and production. For some, the global nature of the current crisis has been unprecedented as several advanced economies have simultaneously witnessed declines in house and equity prices as well as difficulties in the credit market. The origin of financial crisis: As we know the current global financial crisis originated with losses on US subprime mortgage related securities, losses that first emerged with the slowing of the US housing market in the second half of 2006. The first origin of financial crisis is that the growth of housing bubble precipitated the beginning of financial crisis. Between 1997 and 2006, the price of the typical American house increase by 124. (Economist, 2007) During the two decades ending in 2001, the national median home price ranged from 2.9 to 3.1 times median household income. This ratio rose to 4.0 in 2006. (Steverman and Bogoslaw, 2008) This housing bubble resulted in quite a few homeowners refinancing their homes at lower interest rates, or financing consumer spending by taking out second mortgages secured by the appreciation. By September 2008, average US housing prices had declined by over 20% from their mid-2006 peak. (Economist, 2008) The other origin of financial crisis is easy credit, and a belief that h ouse prices would continue to appreciate, had encouraged many subprime borrowers to obtain adjustable rate mortgages. These mortgages enticed borrowers with a below market interest rate for some predetermined period, followed by market interest rates for the remainder of the mortgages term. Borrowers who could not make the higher payments once the initial grace period ended would try to refinance their mortgages. Refinancing became more difficult, once house prices began to decline in many parts of the USA. Borrowers who found themselves unable to escape higher monthly payments by refinancing began to default. The process of financial crisis: There is evidence that both government and competitive pressures to an increase in the amount of subprime lending during the years preceding the crisis. Major US investment banks and government sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac played an important role in the expansion of higher-risk lending. In 1996,HUD, the department of Housing and Urban Development, gave Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac an explicit target: 42 per cent of their mortgage financing had to go to borrowers with incomes below the median income in their area.'(Schwartz, 2009, pp46) Between 2000 and 2005 Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac met those goals every year, and funded hundreds of billions of dollars worth of loans, many of them subprime and adjustable-rate loans made to borrowers who bought houses with less than 10 per cent deposits. Finnie Mae and Freddie Mac also purchased hundreds of billions of subprime securities for their own portfolios to make money and help satisfy HUD affordable-housing goals. (Schwartz, 2009) Due to the deregulation loans, some borrowers could get loans under easy credit conditions. Predatory lending refers to the practice of unscrupulous lenders, to enter into unsafe or unsound secured loans for inappropriate purpose. When the housing bubble burst, USA housing and financial assets decli ne in value, and the subprime crisis was coming out. After that the financial crisis had been basically formed. There is a story of financial crisis stated by Butler (2009: p51): Once upon a time, greedy bankers, mostly in the USA, made fortunes by selling mortgages to poor people who could not really afford them. They knew these loans were unsound, so they diced and sliced them and sold them in packages around the world to equally greedy bankers who did not know what they were buying. When the housing bubble burst, the borrowers defaulted, and bankers discover that what they had bought was worthless. They went burst, business loans dried up, and the economy shuddered to a halt. The moral, accounting to this description of events, is that capitalism has failed, and we need tougher rules to curb bankers greed and make sure all this never happens again. This story could express accurately the process of finance crisis. The impacts of financial crisis in the world: A collapse of the US subprime mortgage market and the reversal of the housing boom in other industrialized economies have had a ripple effect around the world. Furthermore, other weaknesses in the global financial system have surfaced. Some financial products and instruments have become so complex and twisted, that as things start to unravel, trust in the whole system started to fail. First, it affected on financial institutions. Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Steams would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and AIG. Second, it affected the money market. During September 2008, the crisis hits its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market mutual funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawals from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. Third, wealth effects in the financial crisis. There is a direct relationship between declines in wealth, and declines in consumption and business investment, which along with government spending represent the economic engine. Between June 2007 and November 2008, Americans lost an estimated average of more than a quarter of their collective net worth. By early November 2008, a broad U.S. stock index the SP 500, was down 45 percent from its 2007 high. Housing prices had dropped 20% from their 2006 peak, with futures markets signaling a 30-35% potential drop. Total home equity in the United States, which was valued at $13 trillion at its peak in 2006, had dropped to $8.8 trillion by mid-2008 and was still falling in late 2008. Total retirement assets, Americans second-largest household asset, dropped by 22 percent, from $10.3 trillion in 2006 to $8 trillion in mid-2008. During the same period, savings and investment assets (apart from retirement savings) lost $1.2 trillion and pension assets lost $1.3 trillion. Taken together, these losses total a staggering $8.3 trillion. (Altman, 2009). Finally, it is the effects on the global economy. The crisis rapidly developed and spread into a global economic shock, resulting in a number of European bank failures, declines in various stock indexes, and large reductions in the market value of equities and commodities. Moreover, the de-leveraging of financial institutions, as assets were sold to pay back obligations that could not be refinanced in frozen credit markets, further accelerated the liquidity crisis and caused a decrease in international trade. World political leaders, national ministers of finance and central bank directors coordinated their efforts to reduce fears, but the crisis continued. At the end of October 2008 a currency crisis developed, with investors transferring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen, the dollar and the Swiss franc, leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund. (Landler, 2008). The impacts of financial crisis on US banking system: GDP, the output of goods and services produced by labour and property located in the US, decreased at an annual rate of approximately 6 percent in the fourth quarter of 2008 and first quarter of 2009, versus activity in the year-ago period. The US unemployment rate increased to 9.5% by June 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate. The average hours per work week declined to 33, the lowest level since the government began collecting the data in 1964. From time to time confidence in the USAs banks would weaken and banks note-holders would demand their specie (i.e. gold or silver) back. Banks could meet these withdrawals either from their own vaults or by taking back some of the bullion left with the clearing-house association. The lower the level of their balance the clearing system, the greater would be the likelihood that individual non-central banks would be overdrawn. (Congdon, 2009) There is an example from him: suppose bank Ys initial deposit with the clearing system was 30 pounds. If its customers instructed it to make net cash payments to other banks of 35 pounds, bank Y would have been overdrawn by 5 pounds. (2009: pp50). So financial crisis and the publics associated large-scale note redemptions would cause increased tension between members of the clearing house. The impacts of financial crisis on UK banking system: Just how serious the financial crisis was becoming, not only in the US but also in the UK, hit home late on September 2007 when news emerged that Northern Rock, had been forced into a bailout from the Bank of England. Northern Rock Bank is the most affected by financial crisis in the UK, and also the most typical bank for my study. Northern Rock is one of the top five mortgage lenders in the UK in terms of gross lending. As well as mortgages, the bank also deals with savings accounts, loans and insurance. In 2006 the bank had moved into subprime lending via a deal with Lehman Brothers. Although the mortgages were sold under Northern Rocks brand through intermediaries, the risk was being underwritten by Lehman Brothers. On 14 September 2007, the Bank sought and received a liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, following problems in the credit markets. This led to many customers queuing outside branches to withdraw their savings. Partly as a result of the run, on 22 February 2008 the bank was taken into state ownership. The nationalization was a result of two unsuccessful bids to take over the bank, neither being able to fully commit to repayment of taxpayers money within three years. Because of Northern Rock crisis, customers lost their confidence for any banks in the UK. They started withdraw money from their saving account, so that all banks in the UK were affected a lot. Aim Objectives and Key Questions: Aim and Objectives: Nowadays, the US Financial Crisis (2008) along with the subprime crisis (2007) seemed to have delivered a severe blow to worlds banking sector. Banks are thought to be central to business activity. Therefore, when they experience financial distress, governments usually come to the rescue, offering emergency liquidity and various forms of bailout programs. Then the aim of this dissertation is to determine impacts of financial crisis on banking and corresponding measures on these impacts. In order to achieve my aim, I need to achieve following objectives which are the steps towards my aim: To determine the impacts of financial crisis on banking in China. Achieving this objective will be much help as I would also understand different impacts of financial crisis on banking in comparing with other area. To analyse the measures to the impacts of financial crisis on banking. During the objective I will have the chance to recognize the process of central bank in each country. Therefore, I would realize the measures for banks under the financial crisis in two different views: financial views and political views. Key Questions: To achieve the aim and the objectives, the research was set out to answer the following key questions: What are the impacts of financial crisis on banking system in China? And what are the different impacts among China and other areas? What are the corresponding measures for these impacts in these countries? This paper is focus on banking sector under the financial crisis, and how banks faced the crisis. The importance of this topic lays on the impacts of banking sector under the financial crisis and what the best measure for banks is. Basically, my research is based on the origin and process of financial crisis to find out the impacts for banks in each country. Therefore, I would investigate how to resolve these impacts. Research Methodology: As discussed in the sections above, the research objective is to determine the impacts of financial crisis on banking in China so that I could compare different impacts with other countries. The study identifies questionnaires and interviews as suitable research methods for the present paper. The general belief of research is often thought of as collecting data, constructing questionnaires/interviews and analysing data. But it also includes identifying the problem and how to proceed solving it (Ghauri et al., 1995). Questionnaire approach: A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. Questionnaires have advantages over some other types of surveys in that they are cheap; do not require as much effort from the questioner as verbal or telephone surveys, and often have standardized answers that make it simple to compile data. Questionnaires are also sharply limited by the fact that respondents must be able to read the questions and respond to them. Thus, for some demographic groups conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be practical. Usually, a questionnaire consists of a number of questions that the respondent has to answer in a set format. A distinction is made between open-ended and closed-ended questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer, whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number of options. In this paper, I have used the ope n-ended questions into questionnaires. Because the impacts of financial crisis on banking which is an open discussion, it is more suitable to use open-ended questions to discuss. In this research, I have posted out 100 questionnaires for several banks in different positions of banking areas. But I only get 50 feedbacks from banks include: China Construction Bank with 11 copies; Bank of China with 23 copies; HSBC with 2 copies; China Merchants Bank with 2 copies; Shanghai Pudong Development Bank with 2 copies; Agricultural Bank of China with 3 copies; Bank of Communications with 2 copies; China Citic Bank with 3 copies; Bank of East Asia with 2 copies. The questionnaire is to undertake ideas from employees in each bank above. The employees have been selected in different job positions that include: account managers; customer managers; salesmen; managing directors; operation managers; accountants; channel managers; international clearing managers; administrations; marketers; product managers; staffs; retail managers; and others with no answers. There are four key questions amount those seven questions in this questionnaire: How much are you affected by financial crisis? Explain what affects you in financial crisis? What is different consumer behaviour between before financial crisis and after financial crisis? What do you think how to resolve the effects of financial crisis on banking? In the view of above questions, we can find out different effects of financial crisis on banking to employees in different positions and the correspond measures for the effects. Interview approach: An interview is a conversation between two or more people (the interviewer and interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information from the interviewee. In most cases, interviews are only one of a number of qualitative/quantitative techniques that we are likely to use in a research project. The main types of interview include structured interview, semi-structured interview and unstructured interview. Semi-structured interviews are controlled interactions. However, this model enables the researcher to ask supplementary questions, for clarification and elaboration, whilst the use of open questions grants the participant greater freedom to discuss their experience. Unstructured interviews are relatively uncontrolled interactions where, once the question has been put, the researcher listens and do not prompt. This offers the participant the opportunity to discuss the subject using their frames of reference. Unstructured interviews can be very useful in studies of peoples information seeking and use. They are especially useful for studies attempting to find patterns, generate models, and inform information system design and implementation. For example, Alvarez and Urla (2002) used unstructured interviews to elicit information requirements during the implementation of an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system. Due to their conversational and non-intrusive characteristics, unstructured interviews can be used in settings where it is inappropriate or impossible to use other more structured methods to examine peoples information activities. For example, Schultze (2000) used unstructured interviews, along with other ethnographic methods, in her eight-month field study in a large company investigating their production of informational objects. What are the rationales for using semi-structured interviews? It can help us to obtain relevant information. It can give the freedom to explore genera l views or opinions in more details. It can use external organization so as to retain independence. The strengths of semi-structured interviews are that the researcher can prompt and probe deeper into the given situation. For example, the interviewer inquires about using computers in English language teaching. Some respondents are more computer literate than others are. Hence, with this type of interview the interviewers are able to probe or asked more detailed questions of respondents situations and not adhere only to the interview guide. In addition, the researcher can explain or rephrase the questions if respondents are unclear about the questions. A structured interview also known as a standardised interview is a quantitative research method commonly employed in survey research. The aim of this approach is to ensure that each interviewee is presented with exactly the same question in the same order. This ensures that answers can be reliably aggregated and that comparisons can be made with confidence between sample subgroups or between survey periods. A structured interview also standardises the order in which questions are asked of survey respondents, so the questions are always answered given to survey question can depend on the nature of preceding questions though context effects can never be avoided, it is often desirable to hold them constant across all respondents. Structured interviews can also be used as a qualitative research methodology. These types of interviews are best suited for engaging in respondent or focus group studies in which it would be beneficial to compare/contrast participant responses in order to answe r a research question. For structure qualitative interviews, it is usually necessary for researchers to develop an interview schedule which lists the wording and sequencing of questions. In this research, I have chosen structured telephone interview as main interview approach. There are three interviewees have been interviewed through telephone in three different banks which are Bank of China, Bank of Communications and Agricultural Bank of China. The positions of these three interviewees are Department Head in Bank of China, Branch President in Agricultural Bank of China and Financial Manager in Bank of Communications. The questions in the interviews are made quite same as to questions made in questionnaires. Findings and Analysis: Findings: From the view of all the questionnaires and interviews, I have organised the following points as findings: In China Construction Bank there are two staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot; seven staffs affected by financial crisis are medium; and each one staffs affected by financial crisis is a little and almost not. Nine of all eleven staffs answered that their incomes have been reduced during the financial crisis. Seven of all staffs realized that customers became more prudent after financial crisis compared before. In Bank of China there are nine staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot; ten staffs affected by financial crisis are medium; and each two staffs affected by financial crisis are a little and almost not. Almost half of all twenty-three staffs answered that their workings are much more difficult to handle such as some services closed, working period much longer and more competitions etc. Seven of all staffs stated that their incomes have affected very much because of financial crisis. Ten of all staffs realized that customers became more prudent and rational during the financial crisis. Other staffs almost realized that customers had no any changes under the financial crisis compared before. In other seven banks there are five staffs affected by financial crisis are a lot; five staffs affected by financial crisis are medium; one staff affected by financial crisis is a little; and five staffs affected by financial crisis are almost not. Each five staffs answered that their workings are much more difficult to handle and their incomes have been reduced. Almost half of all sixteen staffs realized that customers became more rational and likely to transfer their money from some risky investments to a saving account or banking instruments. Analysis: From the findings of the study it emerges that: Most participants who are in different positions of different banks realized that they have been affected by financial crisis a lot or medium. And most customers they deal with became more rational and prudent. Before the outbreak of the financial crisis is not that customers apply for special financial management, the clients risk acceptance is very strong, and the abundant capital in the market. Most clients are seeking short-term immediate benefits, but did not fully take into account their own business and assets of the plan a long-term investment, life-long investment. But after the outbreak of the financial crisis, most customers whether it is their own operations and domestic and foreign investment had both a certain degree of loss. Customers will first consider the operating and investment risk, followed by another to seek profit; their sights would be to put the long-term, truly entered the era of the pursuit of long-term interests. Adverse impacts to the unit under the financial crisis: First, non-performing loans increased pressure. The financial crisis on the business impact of large bank customers, especially export-oriented enterprises. Declining in exports led to decline in client business performance, repayment pressure, and increased risk of deterioration in credit quality. Second, the lack of effective demand for loans. Financial crisis led to bad corporate management, so that effective demand for loans fell. Third, the financial crisis lead to an international settlement business, hosting business, and capital markets businesses in a substantial decline so that intermediary business revenue. Fourth, the time when the economy is down, and constantly cut interest rates, banks net interest yield was downward trend. The effects of the financial Crises on the banking industry and an evaluation of the measures for resolving the crises. Using evidence from the Great Depression and several other banking crises, Hoggarth and Reidhill (2003) concluded that banking crises can have a long term dramatic effect on the economy if left unresolved but the scale and character of any intervention should have as its prime objective to keep fiscal costs minimal and to prevent any future moral hazard. Moral Hazard in this case refers to the risk that bankers who are aware of the governments unwavering commitment to crop up dying banks may take too much unnecessary risk since they have a guarantee that their banks will never go burst. This section discusses the effects of the recent 2007-2009 global financial crises on the banking industry. It further evaluates some of the measures put in place by the UK and US governments to alleviate the crises. At every point Hoggarth and Reidhills 2003 conclusion will be my point of reference as I evaluate the Fiscal Cost and Moral Hazard issues related with the resolution of the crises. Finall y, I will also discuss other view points and make recommendations on how the crises could have been tackled more effectively. The United Kingdom and United States economies were the largest hit and probably the most affected by the crises. It is worth bearing in mind that even though this crisis began in the financial sector and real estate sectors of these economies, it rapidly spread to the manufacturing and retail sectors. Without much notice every sector of the economy had been affected by the downturn. A vicious cycle quickly develops where as companies lack credit, they slow manufacturing and layoff workers leading to high unemployment rates. As unemployment increases and consumer credit and purchasing power drops, the demand for goods and services plummets and the entire economy is further hit. At the end of the cycle, the main cause of the demise is soon forgotten and the problem actually becomes one of scepticism and mistrust widely termed consumer confidence and/or investor confidence. It is popular opinion that such a crisis should not be left unresolved by country authorities even though it is caused by individual businesses and public companies. After all, a rapid decline in business profits and an increasing rate unemployment means a plunge in the states tax revenue, a hike in unemployment benefit payouts, an increase in government debt and the crumbling of the economy. Politicians are therefore faced with the dilemma of whether or not to interfere with the free market economy, taking actions that will have serious implications on management and investor behaviour and spending public money to save private investors. As dreadful as this may sound, there appears to be no other viable way to resolve a banking crisis. Banks in particular, are generally not stand alone institutions. One view point to resolving a banking crisis amidst a recession emphasises that any measures designed to ensure that banks survive in a sustainable way will be aimed at reviving and supporting bank stakeholders (Customers and investors). This view point advocates that the best way

Mourning and Melancholia in Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls Essay

Mourning and Melancholia in Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls Ernest Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) begins with a quotation from John Donne’s â€Å"Meditation XVII.† With this epigraph, Hemingway identifies the source of his title and defines the connections achieved between human beings through mourning.: Donne’s argument begins, â€Å"No man is an island,† and it concludes with an assertion of our bond to the dead: â€Å"never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.† Proper mourning acknowledges the losses to our self in the death of another. Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls depicts such connections to the dead and examines the emotional effects of incomplete mourning in terms that parallel Freud’s own comments in â€Å"Mourning and Melancholia†(1917. Hogarth Press edition 1937). Hemingway’s novel about mourning concludes by depicting Robert Jordan, the American volunteer in Spain, as he prepares for his death. Jordan accepts the inevitability of this death and he designs a ritual which expresses his commitment to his lover, Maria, and contributes to the successful retreat of the members the guerrilla band (401-10). He provides a last effort of participation in their struggle against fascism and affirms his 1 Page 2 connection to the future of Spain. In a parallel to the argument of Donne’s â€Å"Meditation,† Jordan’s death while fighting as a volunteer in the Spanish Civil War is presented as a loss to fascism suffered by the people of all the republican nations of the world. In a report published in 1938 Hemingway wrote of the deaths of such volunteers of the International Brigades, and said, â€Å"They die fighting for you† (Hem on War 293). The depiction of Jordan’s life and death parallels the ... ...ocative that Rickman’s edition of Freud’s essay appeared shortly before publication of For Whom the Bell Tolls. Gajdusek, Robert E. (2002). Hemingway In His Own Country. Notre Dame Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. 11 Page 12 Gellhorn, Martha. (1986). The Face of War. New York: Atlantic Press Ed, 1988. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. (1940 ) Blakiston: Philadelphia. ________________.By-Line Ernest Hemingway. (1967) New York: Scribners. ________________ Hemingway on War.(2003 ) Ed. with an Introduction, Sean Hemingway. New York: Scribners. Myers, Jeffrey. (2000) Hemingway: Life into Art. New York: Cooper Square Press Nelson, Cary (1994). Remembering Spain: Hemingway’s Civil War Eulogy and the Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Winnicott, D.W. Playing and Reality. (1971) London: Pelican, 1980. 12

Researching Industry :: essays research papers fc

Contents Page Number Contents  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2 Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Procedure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 Market Survey  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 How the Survey is conducted  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 The Survey  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 The Results  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 Survey Conclusions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 Final Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12 Appendices  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 Bibliography  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14 Introduction The purpose of this report is to research a local ward in the Southend-On-Sea area and investigate the enterprise possibilities for a small or medium sized business. I intend to prove by statistical analysis, sampling from a target population, and by calculated judgments that a particular business will or will not be successful in the chosen area. I intend to compare an area with regional and national averages to determine the backgrounds of local residents. By exploring the statistical data available for a given ward, I will be able to make sound decisions based on this reliable information. The data collected will tell me the amount of employed and unemployed residents in the area. What type of work the employed residents do and an idea into the financial status of the populace. Once I have an idea as to who lives in this area, I will be able to choose what business enterprise maybe successful in that area. Then I will analyze economic trends over the past year to see if the business I am proposing is stable. I will then survey the local population to obtain opinions of the enterprise. After completing this research I will then analyze the data collected and draw provable statistical analysis to the feasibility of the business proposition. Procedure The Victoria Ward of Southend-On-Sea Essex, has a below national average of working people. The Census of Population (2001) displayed results stating that 71.6% of all people are in employment. However the Victoria Ward of Southend –On- Sea, only displayed 66.3% of people working. The census also showed that whilst Southend in general has unemployment base similar to the national average of 5.8%, Victoria Ward had a much higher ratio of unemployed people. In fact this figure was declared to be 9.3%.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victoria (numbers)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victoria (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Southend-on-Sea UA (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GB (%) All people Economically active  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4,077  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  73.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  77.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76.0 In employment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3,696  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  66.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  72.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  71.6 Employees  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3,285  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  58.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  62.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  62.6 Self employed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  411  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.0 Unemployed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  381  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.8 Males Economically active  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,281  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  79.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  83.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  81.4 In employment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2,038  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  71.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  78.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  76.0 Employees  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,701  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  59.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  62.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  63.1 Self employed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  337  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12.9 Unemployed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  243  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6.5 Females Economically active  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,796  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  66.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  70.3 Employment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,658  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  61.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  66.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  66.9 Employees  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1,584  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  58.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  62.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  62.1 Self employed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  74  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.8 Unemployed  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  138  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4.8 Further investigation into these figures show that only 31.5% of the residents are employed in professional or managerial positions. Once again according to the Census of Population (2001), the national figure for this sector of employment is 40%. The same census shows that Southend in general has 40.3% of its employed people working in these positions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victoria (numbers)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victoria (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Southend-on-Sea UA (%)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  GB (%) 1 Managers and senior officials  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  393  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16.0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14.9 2 Professional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  264  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11.2 3 Associate professional & technical  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  509  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13.9 A further indication as to the employment placements of the residents in this area is that 13.9% are in ‘Elementary Occupations (EO)’ compared to11.

Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) :: essays research papers

Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907) William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) was born June 26, 1824 in Belfast, Ireland, and was part of a large family whose mother died when he was six. His father taught Kelvin and his brothers mathematics to a level beyond that of university courses of the time. Kelvin was somewhat of a genius, and had his first papers published in 1840. These papers contained an argument defending the work of Fourier (Fourier transforms), which at the time was being heavily criticized by British scientists. He proved Fourier’s theories to be right. In 1839 Kelvin wrote an essay which he called " An Essay on the Figure of the Earth." He used this essay as a source and inspiration for ideas all his life and won an award from the University of Glasgow in Scotland. Kelvin remained at the University for the rest of his working life. Kelvin first defined the absolute temperature scale in 1847, which was later named after him. In 1851 he published the paper, "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat", and in the same year was elected to the Royal Society. This work contained his ideas and version of the second law of thermodynamics as well as James Joule’s idea of the mechanical equivalent of heat. This idea claimed that heat and motion were combined, which now is taken as second nature. At the time, heat was thought to have been a fluid of some kind. Kelvin also maintained an interest in the age of the sun and calculated values for it. He assumed that the sun produced its radiant energy from the gravitational potential of matter falling into the sun. In collaboration with Hermann von Helmholtz, he calculated and published in 1853 a value of 50 million years. He also had an interest in the age of the earth, and he calculated that the earth was a maximum of 400 million years old. These calculations were based on the rate of cooling of a globe of matter after first solidification occurs ( such as the beginning of the earth). He also calculated that molecular motion stops at -273 degrees Celsius. He called this temperature absolute zero. Kelvin started work in 1854 on the project of laying transatlantic cables. His idea was that electrical current flow was similar to that of heat flow, and by applying ideas on heat flow, helped in the problem of transmitting electrical signals over long distances. In 1866, Kelvin succeeded in laying the first successful transatlantic cable. Kelvin invented the mirror galvanometer which he patented in 1858 as a long

Evaluating the Importance of Women in Fitzgerald’s Great Gatsby

â€Å"While working on the Great Gatsby Fitzgerald acknowledged that the women characters are subordinate†¦Ã¢â‚¬  evaluate the importance of women in Fitzgerald’s Great Gatsby.The 1920’s were the foundation of the dramatic change to society, many people called it ‘The roaring twenties’. During this period many Americans were uneasy about their ‘consumer society’ and the new ‘mass culture’. Women were most affected by the roaring twenties, this new up rising of sexually free women with bobbed cuts and short skirts, drinking and smoking landed them the nickname ‘flappers’. Women had now been given the right to vote and had new high status jobs.Machinery took over their household work and new birth control methods were inhibiting them to have fewer children. Women were constantly fighting in this age to be noticed and with people like Fitzgerald who created these characters with â€Å"no important woman characterà ¢â‚¬  (qtd. In Turnbull 197) they had no hope of the freedom and status they wanted.The faceless women at Jay Gatsby’s parties were the perfect representation of what they call ‘flappers’. These women were at these parties purely because they were free, free from the war â€Å" I was one of the few guests who had actually been invited. People were not invited-they went there.†This shows how people in this period would just go to any party they could and not one of them were concerned in the slightest about the sources of Gatsby’s wealth. These parties needed women, they required female energy and I am sure that the â€Å"number of young Englishmen dotted about;† would have no participation at this party without the women.The women at these parties were the perfect stereotype of male perspectives â€Å"I never care what I do, so I always have a good time.† This shows how women were seen as ‘loose’ and ‘unladylikeâ₠¬â„¢ as they would do what they pleased even if it wasn’t the ‘correct’ way to act, they had complete lack of ethical concern.Although women believed that they were purely independent they clearly weren’t â€Å"girls were putting their heads on men’s shoulders in a puppyish. Convivial way.† they were utterly unaware of the objectification men had towards them and put on this perception of being entirely free â€Å"they are emancipated yet they contribute their share of vulgarity which appalls Daisy.† (Ivan Strba) this  shows how Fitzgerald judges these ‘faceless’ women through characters, even through the same gender, which is loaded with irony.Myrtle Wilson’s inclusion in the novel is to represent the lower class of women who thrived for the freedom and wealth of the upper class and do anything in their power to do so. Myrtle’s constant interference with the marriage of Tom and Daisy Buchanan, â€Å"she i s introduced into the novel by her telephone call, which disturbs the urbane surface of Daisy’s dinner party†(Ivan Strba) this is the first evidence where she is portrayed as lower class and looked down on by other women characters in the book â€Å"Tom’s got some women in New York†.Who hasn’t â€Å"the decency not to disturb at dinner†. This shows how women who were of lower class didn’t know right from wrong and weren’t taught social morals. Nick also judges her for her status â€Å"her lower class pretensions appear comical to Nick because he judges them from a position of social superiority, but her overt sexuality impresses him†(Ivan Strba) this also shows how Myrtle doesn’t hide her sexual desire for Tom and is very open in the way she is.Myrtle is always fighting for her place â€Å"Her flower name suggests a fleshy yet beautiful climbing plant vigorously moving upwards.†(Ivan Strba) this is the perfe ct representation of Myrtle as she is a ‘climbing plant’ doesn’t have the ability to climb, this is a symbolism for her trying to climb ‘vigorously’ up the social ladder to the upper class. There is always something holding her back, which is background, where she lives ‘the valley of ashes’. The valley of ashes is a â€Å"gigantic trash burning operation†(Litkicks mystery spot series). It was the road between Great Neck and Manhattan. It is where myrtle’s husband George runs a decrepit auto garage.This is also where Myrtle is murdered, she is still seen as a sexual object through her injuries â€Å"left breast was swinging loose like a flap† â€Å"the mouth was wide open and ripped at the corners† it also shows how she never belonged in the higher social class with the imagery â€Å"mingled her thick, dark blood with the dust† this implies that is was wrong what she was trying to do with Tom and how it would of always ended badly as she was stuck in this fantasy.Myrtle always felt like her and Tom were going to end up together â€Å"get married to each other right away† where as Tom always  thought of her as nothing more than an object â€Å"since her social status is simply unworthy of any more profound engagement†(Ivan Strba) even though Myrtle knows this she is still constantly luring him in, even though he has made up a stupid lie that he cannot leave Daisy because she is catholic she still has some sort of hope that one day he will think of her as more than just a mistress.You could also argue that she is in it purely for the money and has no intention of a relationship with Tom, Ivan Strba touches on this subject â€Å"constantly attempts to lure Tom into her womb† this could be a symbolism of pregnancy where Myrtle knows if she were to get pregnant Tom would give all the money he had to make sure that, that baby would have no link back to him, theref ore she would get what she wants.Jordan Baker’s slight masculinity and indifferent personality is the representation of the small percentage of women who were strong enough to stand on their own and didn’t rely on the security of men for wealth and social class. Underneath Jordan’s bitchy hysteria she is extremely vulnerable, she constantly has this front that she doesn’t need anyone to protect her. Jordan barely even acknowledges men, for example the first time she meets Nick she pretends she doesn’t care is â€Å"almost imperceptibly† but she does secretly â€Å"lips fluttered†.This is evidence that she doesn’t give much away to people â€Å"completely emotionless†, especially men as she doesn’t want to destroy this veneer of survival which has an element of tragedy as you feel sympathy for the character as to what could of made her this way. Jordan is described as self-sufficient â€Å"distancing from any emot ional entanglement†(Ivan Strba), which reflects her relationship with Nick, or lack of one for that matter as Nick’s opinion of her changes instantly as he finds out she cheated to win a golf tournament â€Å"Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame deeply—I was casually sorry, and then I forgot.† This is the first of many lies Jordan tells, this portrays that Jordan feels as though she has to lie to ‘play the game’ she cant be seen as a woman who is sweet and innocent or it will ruin this image that she has created for herself.By playing with Nicks feelings she is showing authority of the character and not letting him take control this is why she is with Nick because he is vulnerable compared to other characters such as; Tom or Gatsby, as he doesn’t have as much money as them, â€Å"Nick also judges that she  avoids relationships with clever men that might see through her†(Ivan Strba) and has a lower status, therefore she knows he wont have power over her.Jordan is the perfect example of ‘new women’ and the freedom they claimed after the World War, and with characters like Nick who â€Å"simply does not know quite how to handle this cool, unbalanced independent woman of the 1920’s†(Ivan Strba) they allow women to play with their feelings.Daisy Buchanan is objectified by several men and is not resistant to the objectification. With her lack of personality and beautiful looks, she has lost all identity through the desire for the veneer of glamour and wealth. The character of Daisy is made up of this image that everyone else has of her â€Å"exists only as a fragile veneer, a shinning radiance of Gatsby’s construction.The centerpiece of Tom’s wealth†(Ivan Strba) she is constantly being refereed to objects rather than a person, a ‘center piece’ is the idle way to describe her, as they are pretty to look at, but there is nothing to them, the y are simply there to look good. Daisy has no identity and tends to hide behind the men, especially Gatsby and Tom. Daisy’s love for Gatsby is uncertain, this makes her a dislikable character as it creates frustration for the reader, as she doesn’t have nerve or the sprit to pursue it.You could say that Daisy is scared to be with Gatsby as he is from West Egg, which was seen as the place of ‘new money’ this could bring her doubt as she wouldn’t want to risk the life style she has now as Gatsby’s money is ‘new’, whereas East Egg was almost like certain money, from inheritance etc. Also Tom places doubt in her head about Gatsby’s money â€Å"certainly not for a common swindler who’d have to steal the ring he out on her finger†, this could most definitely influence Daisy’s hesitance towards the life with Gatsby as she just wants a life for herself.The love between The Buchanan’s can be seen as â₠¬Ëœsuperficial’, â€Å"a love that was established for legal means†(Min Jae hogsheadgastby.blogspot) but then turned into something more real between the couple, although adultery appears in both characters, there is something there that I stopping either one from leaving, it could be love or it could be to maintain his veneer of happiness through wealth and social class. They are seen as what society wanted, ‘happily’ married, with money what many people called ‘the American dream’.Gatsby is the ultimate sacrifice for Daisy, she is the one who causes his death and she  doesn’t even have the decency to go to his funeral leaving was Daisy’s ‘scapegoat’, which shows the lack of ‘back bone’ she has, and she just runs away when things get bad â€Å"she and Tom had gone away early that afternoon† It's simply symbolic of the fleetingness of wealth during the time period.Overall I think that the women are important in the novel, as the men wouldn’t be who they are without the women, they may not be the most important but the novel needed females in order for it to work. It is good representation of the changes in the roles women had in the 1920’s and also the different personalities the women had and Fitzgerald portrayed this well through the female characters.

Art and the Roman Catholic Church Essay

Art and the Roman Catholic Church have ties that go back to the simple foundation of Christianity itself. Through the beginning of the 1st century through modern times, art has played a crucial role for the church and it’s 2.1 billion person following. Art has been used to portray events in the history of Catholicism as well as to convey the message of the Bible, the Christian religions most valued source of information. Artistic styles have varied throughout the years, taking on a gothic look after the era of the Byzantine Empire, the Romanesque style of architecture, diving into forms of art such as theatre and poem, art and the Catholic Church have been tightly associated for centuries. Before the relationship between art and the Catholic church can be expressed, the term â€Å"art†, must first be defined. St. Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-1274) relates art and religion by sharing that, â€Å"The knowledge of God is to all creatures what the knowledge of the artificer is to things made by his art.†i The influential philosopher brings together a comparison of the mystery of faith and ties it to art. The meaning of his quotes is to address the level of God’s knowledge in a way where people will understand. He does this by comparing God’s knowledge to that of an artist, how no one knows exactly why things are the way they are besides the artist, therefore the exact purpose is left to interpretation. Because art has been around longer than written word has, it gives a special insight to the earliest periods in the time of the Catholic church. The oldest form of art found in Christianity is dated to the early 2nd century, where sculptures were found on Roman coffins.ii These coffins would usually depict Christian symbols such as the fish, the cross, or the dove, and only be recognizable to fellow Christians due to the vast amount of persecution amongst the Christian religion. These symbols are seen as the earliest forms of art and Christianity. Many Christian beliefs are based and formed on artists depictions of what happened during the life of Jesus Christ as well as before he was alive. â€Å"Here one is faced with the awkward fact that the only evidence on which one could base a history of emotional experience is the work of art itself.†i Newton expresses the odd truth that the most precise way to interpret the emotion of early 2nd century Christians to late 18th century Catholics is through are, but the one who is looking for this understanding of emotion must first see the artwork from the emotions and thoughts expressed, not by it’s genre. Putting art into the category of â€Å"Christian† or â€Å"Religious† is misleading. Yes the artist may have been Christian, yes the artwork may contain religious symbols or depictions, but what the artist is intending on doing is making you feel a specific way while also conveying an interpretation. The Creation Story in Genesis I gives us a look at what it is believed God likes. Because God â€Å"created humankind in his image,†ii and he â€Å"saw everything he had made and indeed it was very good,†iii this can only portray the belief that God himself finds joy in the beauty of the world as an expression of the beauty that is in Himself. Leaving one to interpret that God is an appreciator of art in it’s entirety. Emperor Constantine actually plays a major role in art for the Catholic Church. Emperor Constantine was the head of the Byzantine Empire in 313AD when he officially approved Christianity be recognized.iv This was one of the most important events in the history of Christianity because before this, Christians were a group that met in secret to avoid persecution by gentiles for believing that Jesus was the messiah. The Byzantine Empire controlled all the land around the Mediterranean Sea, a major point of travel and trade. This allowed for a bigger turnout of Jews converting to Christianity. The Byzantine style of art is described as a, â€Å"fusion of oriental decoration, Hellenistic naturalism with echoes of pagan subject matter, and Christian symbolism.†iMosaics would be painted along city walls, later on finding their way into churches. The pieces of work also served as advertisements for the Christian Church. Built in the early 12th century, Abbey Church of St. Denis is the first Gothic-style Cathedral ever built.ii It represents the typical blueprint for Gothic architecture. The high windows, ceilings and arcs are all typical styles of gothic architecture in regards to the cathedrals that popped up throughout the late 12th century. In it stood â€Å"the Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux†, a 68cm sculpture depicting the Virgin Mary holding baby Christ. Aside from currently being held in the Louvre museum, the sculpture captures what is known even today as the fundamental image most Christians have in their mind. Although there hasn’t been a photograph of this event, Christians have images of Mary and Baby Jesus in their mind because of art in the church. As a place for learning, people go to church to do more than listen to the priest, but to let the art and architecture of the church effect them spiritually. View as multi-pages