Thursday, October 31, 2019

Critically appraise the employment relations in non-union firms Assignment

Critically appraise the employment relations in non-union firms - Assignment Example Hence, there has been a decrease in unionization (Willman 2004). However, this too has its positives and negatives. Both aspects will be discussed in the following sections so that an understanding of the employment relations within non-union forms can be sought and an in-depth study shall provide the basis of comprehension of a number of different facets – all of which come under the aegis of employment relations. When considering employment relations there are certain implications for managers that they must consider when coming up with the policy for dealing with employee issues. The three most important factors that need to be considered are the public, the employer and employee. The functioning of the company is largely dependent upon the maintenance of fair, friendly, and mutually satisfactory employment relations and the availability of suitable machinery for the peaceful adjustment of whatever controversies may arise. The term non-union is defined as the employees or w orkers of an organization â€Å"not belonging or relating to a labor union†1. This type of company reduces the impact of collective bargaining where the company is more inclined to deal with the issues of the employees on a one to one basis (Boeri 2001). The advantages of this sort of system are more individual attention to grieved employees, which will increase their levels of motivation. It also means more company ownership by all levels of the workers who take pride in solving problems for the betterment of the company. Lastly, the monetary benefits for the company, who do not have to pay the dues of the unions and are more economically strong and can, improve their bottom line (Gannon 1987). There are also many other smaller advantages and disadvantages however they are beyond the scope of this paper. Most managers are of the opinion that the most important aspect of good employment relations are affective negotiations.Communication is the glue that makes policies real an d without which they are ineffective. The fact that communication is necessarily a two-way process, involving dialogue rather than simply instruction, is well established (Morley 2006). Yet many organizations perform badly in this area, failing to give communication the priority it deserves. â€Å"Getting communication right involves both professionalism and persistence. The qualities required include focusing on positive behaviors and outcomes, taking a positive, problem-solving approach, anticipating problems, recommending solutions and being able to offer sound advice to senior managers about implementation. Negotiating skills are still useful but needed less often. A much wider area of knowledge is now required, along with the skills to apply it, including surveying and interpreting employee attitudes, communications and conflict management. Most important is the ability to ‘fit’ policies and practices to suit the organization’s goals and the character of it s workforce.†2 Affective negotiations are synonymous to successful negotiations which mean the activities â€Å"that results in a win-win agreement in which all parties gain overall, even though they may have to make concessions in the process†.3Additionally some managers’ say that both parties should not drift away too much from their desired outcomes as this only hampers the result while wasting valuable resources of the company. The main reason why managers avoid having unions, it can be a pain to work with unions when you have a poor performer, but it also is a

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Policy and Practice in PCET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy and Practice in PCET - Essay Example It was noted that the young people aged between 15-24 years needed much support before they attained their goals. During this time they usually experience so many changes in their lives. This includes physical changes of growth and also in the social settings. In their youthful stages they normally have so many choices and it is normally tricky for them to make a decision. They need much guidance and support. 1 This is where the young people are helped to access the working environment. This helps the young people to get quality skills in different areas. In the past there was the need bridge the gap between what the industry needed and the education sector in general. The government strived very hard to bridge this gap. The education sector needed to know what was marketable at that time. During the early 80's it was noted that the entire market wanted that the education system systems prepare children to work. In the early 1980's the local authorities were mostly accused of carrying out controls in the learning institutions. During this time it was noted that what the industries needed is not what the schools produced. It was noted that the knowledge passed on in schools was not quite shallow and quite theoretical and not practical. This was mostly started in the year 1973. It was aimed at helping the sixteen year olds to get the work experience. The government helped by financing such initiatives. The local companies and industries trained the young on job. This scheme was started on one year basis then later expanded to two years. Technical and Vocational Education This was initiated by the government in 1982.In this program the colleges were encouraged to include some practice of the work in their curriculum. Records had to be kept to monitor how the students performed Critically Assessing Vocationalising in the PCET has got its own advantages. It helps the young people be equipped with working skills early in life. This helps them to easily access jobs in the society. However it is healthy to note the other side of the coin of this venture. The vocationilising in the PCET is monolithic in nature. It really narrows down the learning process in the aim to meet what the market wants. Knowledge cannot just be narrowed down to a product, it is a process. In vocational education, as long as one gets the skill, that's all. The students lack reflection, insight and critique of things. 2 Strategies The PCET normally uses various strategies to widen participation. The widening participation strategy has got objectives like; The monitoring and tracking of students is done using a system. The system also helps the students who have completed their studies to get employment. This is where the companies the companies that are offering the training services retain the students. This strategy aims at encouraging the young people from backgrounds that are not highly represented to attend the PCET. Partnerships are highly encouraged to widen participation. The Higher Education Funding Council for England enhances participation in sports by funding the PCET programs. This enables the students from the low class groups in the society to access these services. Mostly the students ask the learning institutions or schools to retain them. The learning institutions normally give advice concerning the opportunities such

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism The origins of utilitarianism are often traced as far back as the Greek philosopher Epicurus but the main idea is thought to come from Jeremy Bentham who said that Utilitarian argument worked by nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. There are two main different types of utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will generate the most pleasure. The rule utilitarian, on the other hand, begins by looking at potential rules of action. To determine whether a rule should be followed, he looks at what would happen if it were constantly followed. Utilitarianism is a very solid and stable argument, I personally think that without knowing about it a lot of people use it to decide what to do, my example is what happened when I go home, I have two younger brothers and we always seem to fight over something, usually food, like the last bit of cake, or the last of the coca-cola. What my mum does without realising is a very Utilitarian idea, she says Oliver, you take three glasses and pour the coke out equally, then Giles and Theo, you choose. This way I try to pour all the glasses equally otherwise I get stuck with a really small glass of coke, because my greedy brothers would drink the glass with more in. Utilitarianism uses a lot of separate principles. Someone who accepts some of the principals but not others may be seen as a utilitarian. This mainly includes the whole of the human race. The Utilitarian argument has the strange ability to seem really obvious to who ever it benefits and completely wrong to the minority that it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t benefit. e.g. rapists. There is another problem that there are no ethical arguments which are agreed by everyone, for example in certain eastern countries, people believe that woman who cheat on there husbands should be stoned to death, where as the general western society believe that this is completely wrong. However there are some points most people agree on. Rape, theft and lying are seen as bad where as, giving, helping and healing are seen as good things One obvious thing that these things have in common is that most of the things agreed to be good are things which make people happy, and most of the things agreed to be bad are things which make most people miserable. Bentham realised that there should be some sort of scale on which happiness can be judged. Bentham did this by proposing the hedonic calculus. The hedonic calculus lists seven features of pleasure to which attention must be paid in order to assess how great it is: intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent. This scale allows us to find the act which leads to the greatest pleasure. However there was a Philosopher after Bentham called John Mill, John Mill was a child prodigy who was able to read several languages at an early age, and the son of a follower of Jeremy Bentham. Perhaps the greatest British philosopher of the nineteenth century, Mill maintained that the well being of the individual was of greatest importance and that happiness is most effectively gained when individuals are free to pursue their own ends so long as they keep with the rules that protect the common good of all. While mill accepted the utility principle of the greatest good for t he greatest number he was concerned about the difficulty raised when for example there is the story of the bridge operator. The bridge operator took his son to work with him. He delighted in telling his little boy how everything worked and how important his job was, since hundreds of people relied on him to raise and lower this bridge so they could travel safely from place to place. The little boy beamed with pride as his father explained his job. He also greatly admired all of the switches that controlled the huge gears. But after a couple of hours of observing his father work, the boy grew bored, so his father sent him out to play. A short while later, the bridge operator realized that it was almost time for him to lower the bridge so the 5 p.m. commuter train could cross. But, as he was about to pull the switch that would lower the bridge, he glanced out the window to see that his son had apparently been climbing on the gears; and his foot was stuck. In fact, he was wedged betwee n the huge gears; alive, but trapped;and unable to free himself. The engineer was about to hurry to help his son when he heard the train whistle in the distance. Suddenly he realized that he did not have sufficient time to free his son, return to the control box, and lower the bridge in time for the passenger train to cross safely. But if he pulled the switch to lower the bridge, his little boy would be crushed in the massive turning gears in which he was entangled. He was forced to make a horrible choice: either his son would be killed, or a trainload of passengers would plunge to their deaths in the river below. Mill thought if the greatest good for the greatest number was purely quantities based on the quantities of pleasure and pain caused what would stop one persons pleasure from that act. To address this difficulty Mill focused on qualities pleasures. He developed a system of higher and lower pleasures preferring the higher pleasures to the lower ones. Mill said It is better t o be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied: better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied Benthams theory has a number of clear benefits. It seems reasonable to link morality with the pursuit of happiness and the avoidance of pain and misery and this connection would receive popular support. It also seems natural to consider the consequences of our actions when deciding what to do, utilitarianism offers a balanced democratic morality that promotes the general happiness. However there are a number of difficulties with utilitarianism the first difficulty concerns all theorys that rely on the consequences for deciding which actions are good. Need to be sure that what I think will come about as a result of particular action will actually come about. Utilitarianism depends upon accurate predictions.

Friday, October 25, 2019

School Year Round Essay -- essays papers

School Year Round Year Round School: An Annual Mistake Throughout time education has been considered a process that every so often must be improved. The education quality in the U.S. has declined over the years and people have been looking for a way to make improvements. A more recent proposal has been to go from a traditional nine-month schedule to an all year program. Supporters of year round school claim it gives the student a better education. However, the prospect of year round school is not beneficial to the taxpayers pocket, to the education a student receives, or to the people involved with the district. All year school ends up costing the school district and surrounding community more money than a traditional nine-month schedule. "More funds would be needed to cover the costs of paying the teachers and staff for one full year instead of for 180 days work." (Stevenson 2). "Teachers currently make an average of $37, 000 in the United States. However, the costs would increase to $53, 000 to keep the teachers for a full year." (Somersby 8). Currently, a district uses a lot of its budget on paying teachers. Once the increased costs are put in place, the budget depletes rapidly. Yet teachers must be paid, as they are the cornerstones of education. Also, it takes additional funds to run the school all year, due to things such as air conditioning in the summer (White 28). Many schools due not currently need AC systems to be used. However, AC is a costly ame...

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Is Wal-Mart Good for America

Wal-mart is the most powerful business in America because it sets standards for America as a whole. Wal-mart is one of America’s most leading discount stores making it more favorable to consumers. Wal-mart makes things convenient by having everything you need in one store at the cheapest price. Wal-mart has an amazing strategy of making things seem cheap; however, it’s an illusion. I believe the United States hasn’t benefitted from Wal-Mart in multiple ways. Walmart has taken advantage of their opening price point. They’re strategy is bringing out the cheapest item in front of an aisle and pulling you towards it, however, as you are pulled towards it, you are led into higher priced items creating the illusion that the whole aisle is at a lower price as well. Consumers fall for it and buy it and that’s how Wal-mart makes a tremendous amount of profit. So does tricking consumers really make Wal-mart a good corporation for America? Another reason why Wal-mart isn’t good for America is pay cuts and job losses. According to PBS Frontline, â€Å"over 1 million jobs have been lost to China.† Jobs that used to be easy to get in America are being lost to China, like steel workers and plastic workers, just for companies like Wal-mart. Wal-mart has too much power over smaller manufacturers. They buy cheap imports which hurt American blue-collar workers tremendously. This shows that Wal-mart is not good for America.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Outsiders Book and Movie Comparison Essay

The book and the movie of the Outsiders are two very different stories. The book has so much more detail then the movie. The movie is not the most detailed but it does get its point across. There are may similarities and also many differences between the two the book is by far more interesting and more detailed then the movie. I enjoyed the book a lot and the movies a lot but the movie was missing a lot. A few similarities between the movie and book are that the movie still has the complete Greaser gang Pony, Johnny, Soda, Darry, Dally, Two-Bit and Steve. They still have some of the more sad part like when Johnny and Dally die. There is still lots of conflict between the Greasers and the Soc’s. There is still the situation where Johnny kills one of the Soc’s and Johnny and Ponyboy both skip town. They still go to the church and hide out for 5 days. They still save the little kids from the burning church house. They still have the rumble and they also still win it. The settings are both still the same they both take place in Tulsa Oklahoma in the mid 1960’s. They both still have the same conflicts and the same out comes to the conflicts. Both the book and the movies are very much alike. There are still a few differences like in the book, there is a rich west side and a poor east side. In the movie, there is a rich south side Soc and a poor north side Greaser. Darry doesn’t treat Pony as bad in the movie as he did in the book . Pony takes the death of Johnny and Dally a little less harder the movie then he did in the book. The movie dosen’t mention Sodapops horse Mickey Mouse. Sodapop and Dally aren’t blonds like they are in the book, instead they are brunettes in the movie. The church that Ponyboy and Johnny run away to isn’t on a hill it is just out there. The movie also never mentions sodapops girl friend. In the book Soda gives Ponyboy money while in the book he didn’t. Also the book was written in Ponyboy’s perspective and the movie was not, the movie was written in everyone’s perspective. In the Movie the Socs were from the South instead of the West. Ponyboy doesn’t smoke as much in the movie as they said so in the book. Ponyboy Curtis in the fourteen-year-old boy that explains the story in both the book and the movie, and also the youngest of the greasers. Ponyboy is ery intelligent compared to the rest of the gang he is most defenatly the smartest to them all. Because his parents have died in a car accident, Ponyboy lives with his two brothers Darry and Sodapop in both the book and movie. Darry repeatedly accuses Ponyboy of lacking common sense in the book more so then in the movie, but Ponyboy is a much brighter then his brother takes him for. Throughout the novel, Ponyboy struggles with class division, violence, innocence, and familial love but in the movie they dont focus on his school as much. He matures over the course of the book and the movie both. Darrel Curtis Ponyboy’s oldest brother. Darrel, known as â€Å"Darry,† both in the book and in the movie. He is a twenty-year-old greaser who is raising Ponyboy because their parents have died in a car crash. Strong, athletic, and intelligent, Darry has quit school in the book and in the movie. He works two jobs to hold the family together. One of the leader of the greasers, he becomes an parent role model for Ponyboy. He also makes good chocolate cake, which he and his brothers eat every day for breakfast in the book but the movie really does not mention it. The other greasers call him â€Å"Superman. † Sodapop Curtis Ponyboy’s fun, intergetic, handsome brother. Sodapop is the middle Curtis boy. Ponyboy admires Sodapop’s good looks and charm. Sodapop is really a great person in both the book and the movie his plans are to marry Sandy , a greaser girl. Two-Bit Mathews The joker of Ponyboy’s group. Two-Bit, whose real name is Keith, is a wise-cracking greaser who regularly shoplift he gets in trouble a lot more in the movie more so then in the book. He loves his sleek black-handled switchblade so much in both the book and the movie. Dallas Winston the toughest hood in Ponyboy’s group of greasers. Dallas, known as â€Å"Dally,† is a big bad teen who used to run with gangs in New York shown both in the book and the movie. He has an elfin face and icy blue eyes and, unlike the others he do not put grease in his white-blond hair. Dally’s violent tendencies make him more dangerous than the other greasers in both the book and the movie, and he takes pride in his criminal record more so in the book then the movie. Sandy is Sodapop’s girlfriend in both the book and the movie. Sandy is pregnant with another boys child and moves to Florida to live with her grandmother in both the book and the movie. Like the other greaser girls, Sandy only is shown in the book and the movie when the boys mention her. Cherry Valance Bob’s girlfriend, she is a Soc cheerleader. When one night Ponyboy meets her at the movies in both the book and the movie. Cherry’s real name is Sheri, but people call her Cherry because of her red hair. Ponyboy and Cherry have so much in common, and Ponyboy feels comfortable talking to her more so mentioned in the book then in the movie. This is why I say the book of the Outsiders is far better then the movie. The movie is missing lots of detail and the book is far more interesting then the movie.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

History Of KoRn essays

History Of KoRn essays Korn was formed in 1993. There are 5 members, Jonathan Davis, Munky, Head, David Silveria, and Fieldy. As a child, Jon Davis was sexually abused by his father, he has a deep hatred for what his father did to him that he expresses in the song "Daddy" off of the self titled Korn Album. He was a mortitian at the Kern County Morgue. He was 16 when he landed that job. In school he was teased by other kids, and called a "faggot" and a "queer", because of that, he earned his nickname, "HIV", pronounced "hive". Munky and Head, the 2 guitarists, were best friends, and have played together over 2/3 of their lives. Munky lost the top part of his left index finger in an accident, and Head taught Munky to play guitar. They were in LAPD together. David Silveria, the drummer in the group, is the shy member in the band. He had a good childhood and doesn't relate well to most of Korn's lyrics. He has a penis fetish, and when he signs things he usually makes a penis somewhere in it. Fieldy, the bassist, is sort of mysterious, hardly anyone knows his real name, which is Reginald Arvizu, and his past is pretty much unknown as well. On the side he has Fieldy's Dreams, a sort of combination between Rap and Hip-Hop. KoRn was formed as a result of SexArt and LAPD breaking up. Jonathan Davis, Korn's front man was in SexArt, Head, Munky, David, and Fieldy were in LAPD. After the 2 bands split, Jon Davis joined LAPD, and they changed their name to Korn. The name Korn didn't come from Kiddy pORN like Bible-Thumpers like to trick people into thinking. It came from a conversation over heard by Jon Davis while he was in a bar. The conversation was between 2 homosexuals, they were talking about eating eachother's asses, and one had dirahea and shit on the other guys face, and he had eaten popcorn. When the guy who had been shit on opened his mouth there was a corn kernal on his tongue, and every time Jon said corn, the rest of the group a ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Gods and Goddesses in Homers Epic Poem The Iliad

Gods and Goddesses in Homers Epic Poem The Iliad The Iliad is an epic poem ascribed to the ancient Greek storyteller Homer, which tells the story of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy. The Iliad is believed to have been written in the 8th century BCE; it is a classic piece of literature which is still commonly read today. The Iliad includes a dramatic series of battle scenes as well as many scenes in which the gods intervene on behalf of various characters (or for their own reasons). In this list, youll find the major gods and personifications described in the poem, including some rivers and winds. Aidoneus Hades: god, king of the dead.Aphrodite: love goddess, Supports the Trojans.Apollo: god, sends a plague, son of Zeus and Leto. Supports the Trojans.Ares: god of war. Supports the Trojans.Artemis: goddess, daughter of Zeus and Hera, sister of Apollo. Supports the Trojans.Athena: goddess active in battle, daughter of Zeus. Supports the Greeks.Axius: river in Paeonia (in north-eastern Greece), also the river god.Charis: goddess, wife of Hephaestus.Dawn: goddess.Death: brother of Sleep.Demeter: goddess of grain and food.Dione: goddess, mother of Aphrodite.Dionysus: divine son of Zeus and Semele.Eileithyia: goddess of birth pains and labor pangs.Fear: goddess: accompanies Ares and Athena into battle.Flight: god.Folly: daughter of Zeus.Furies: goddesses of revenge within the family.Glauce: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Gygaea: a water nymph: mother of Mesthles and Ascanius (allies of the Trojans).Hades: brother of Zeus and Poseidon, god of the dead.Halià «: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus). Hebe: goddess who acts as cupbearer to the gods.Helios: god of the sun.Hephaestus: god, son of Zeus and Hera, artisan god, crippled in his legs.Hera: divine wife and sister of Zeus, daughter of Cronos. Supports the Greeks.Hermes: divine son of Zeus, called killer of Argus.Hyperion: god of the sun.Iris: goddess, the messenger of the gods.Leto: goddess, mother of Apollo and Artemis.Limnoreia: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Muses: goddesses, daughters of Zeus.Nemertes: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Nereus: sea god, father of the Nereids.Nesaea: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Night: goddess.North Wind.Oceanus (Ocean): god of the river surrounding the earth.Orithyia: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Paeà «on: god of healing.Poseidon: major Olympian god.Prayers: daughters of Zeus.Proto: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Rhea: goddess, wife of Cronos.Rumour: a messenger from Zeus.Seasons: goddesses who look after the gates of Olympus.Sleep: god, brother of death.Strife: goddess active in war.Terror : god, son of Ares. Tethys: goddess; wife of Oceanus.Themis: goddess.Thetis: divine sea nymph, mother of Achilles, daughter of the old man of the sea.Thoà «: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Titans: gods imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus.Typhoeus: monster held captive underground by Zeus.Xanthus: god of the Scamander River.Zephyrus: the west wind.Zeus: King of the gods.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Central Bank Policy Decisions

The banking sector needs to adjust to the changing market in the bank industry and environment just like any other economic sector. The central bank has the powers and obligation of controlling and regulating the activities of the banks and other financial institutions by making policy decisions which the banks should adhere to. There are different emerging issues in the bank industry which needs to be examined in the control of the industry by making policy decisions that affects banks. Some of the issues needs to be addressed include policy decisions on the rate of interest rates, inflation, the monetary policy, regulatory environment which greatly affect the profitability of these banks in the industry. The major part of the revenues of the banks and the central banks come from different bank operations which are affected by the changes in interest rate (Atieno,2006). The central banks make decisions concerning the policy guiding the banks in their industry. Central bank decisions on monetary policy affect the profitability of the banks by improving the investments. The monetary decision by central bank can be accommodative or unbiased. The central banks make decisions on the increase of short term interest rate when inflation is increasing and lowering of the short term interest rate when the economy is lagging. The decisions made follows the following monetary policy tools which includes, federal reserve which entails open market operations the purchase and sale of financial instrument, the use of discount charged on the institutions depositing amounts in the central bank and lastly amount the banks can maintain as reserve with the central bank. These monetary policy tools help in the control of amount of money in supply in the economy.The control of supply of money helps reduce inflation, control interest rate and hence leads to increased profi tability of the banks with effective bank services and reduction of inflation which involves price changes and interest rate which the banks depends on for profitability (De Aghion,2003.) Central banks in collaboration with the Bankers Association in different countries have rolled out policies and regulations that have helped in the operation of the financial institutions. One of the policy decisions they have made include allowing the banks to share information on credit lending. Based on the central bank policy decision on sharing of information, banks are able to share credit information on their customers. This has facilitated better assessment of the risks associated with borrowers of credit. The sharing of credit information allows credit institutions like banks to extend credit to customers through the internet without using physical collateral. It is from the Central Bank’s policy decision of sharing of credit information that has translated to lower cost of credit and helped increase uptake of loans by financial institutions clients. The uptake of credit by the customers has led to the increase in profits brought about by increase in   interest rate charged on the loans given ( Bell,2011). The central bank has the obligation of setting the monetary policy goals. It makes policy decisions that help to improved growth and to promote price stability. Decisions made by the central bank like Mexico in the past have helped restructure their monetary policy objectives like maintaining price to be stable as the main goal of the central bank. Any central bank makes monetary policy decisions on setting of objectives that the price determination process can be attained by curbing inflation levels leading to low inflation targets leading to improved performance leading to profitability. The central bank has also come up with decision which permits banks to use third parties (Agent Banking) to provide financial services on their behalf. Subsequently, central bank has reviewed and made policy guidelines on Agent Banking. The policy allows credit institutions to search for central bank support for the approval of specific agents to conduct the work and define the type of work they will provide. It is the duty of the financial institutions to examine the suitability of the agents in line with the policy decision. This policy decision has helped to straighten the lending of credit to customers and improved bank services which are made efficient leading to profitability of the banks in the industry. Based on the policy and regulatory framework of the central bank, the legal environment is firm to banks and financial institutions. According to the World Bank, most of the central banks in different countries are lagging in the development of  Ã‚   policies and legislations.   Consequently, the central bank has made policy decisions for banks to conduct their operations fairly without any unfair competition in preventing customers from accessing the banks services. Medium and long term interest rates depend on other factors like the expectation of the short term interest rates .The central bank has made different policy decisions to induce changes in the short term interest rates which affects the entire interest rate which increases the cost of credit ,leading to low lending of credit leading to reduced investment and low profitability. The central bank has also made a policy decision which allows financial institution clients to be treated like those of other financial institutions like Sacco’s and microfinance’s in the case of security of the loan and means of recovery of the loan borrowed. The central bank decision through the Act of parliament set the rules on the lending of credit hence leading to control of the activities of the bank. The effective credit management leads to credibility of the bank eventually leading to improved performance leading to profitability of banks. After the recession of 2008, many financial institutions like banks have been affected, as the credibility of the banking system has been compromised. Towards the end of 2015, world’s economy started to recover more strongly and this positive momentum was sustained into the year 2014 where world currencies deteriorated due to high rate of inflation. The different central banks came in rescue with policy decisions that were attributable to increased credit to the private sector and low inflationary pressure. The pro-active central bank policies decisions have also led to developments in the economy. More investors have come into the country to invest and hence improving the economy of the country.The financial sector recorded its highest growth for the last decade growing at 3 per cent in 2013 compared to 5.4 percent in 2017. The growth is due to increase borrowing riding on financial innovation that has enhanced access to financial services and uptake of loans.Most financial i nstitutions like banks are setting short loan settlement periods, high interest rates and short grace periods not only to meet the working costs and protect themselves from (collateral) concerned in lending to customers. The central bank has made decisions that have helped in regulating the amount of money in circulation by ensuring each bank keeps a saving account with the central bank. This will ensure that the operations of the banks in lending capital are controlled (Elbanna,2007). The management of financial institutions should demonstrate their understanding and commitment in making compliance to rules and regulation as one of their strategic objectives and to opt for best practices in MIS (management information system) to improve their profitability. The banks should adhere to the policy decisions made by the central bank.   Atieno, R. (2006).Institutional credit lending policies and the efficiency of resource use among small scale farmers in Kenya. Boulder: Westview Press. Aryeetey, E. &Urdry, C. (2007).The characteristics of informal financial markets in   Sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of African Economies.Vol. 6, No 3 pp.12-34. Bell, C. (2011). Interactions between institutional and informal credit agencies in rural India. World Bank Economic Review, Vol.4, No 3 pp. 234-45.. De Aghion, A. and Morduch, J. (2003) â€Å"Microfinance: Where Do We Stand?† in  Ã‚  Financial Development and Economic Growth: Explaining the Links, ed. by C. Goodhart, Bsingstoke: Macmillan/Palgrave). Denscombe, M. (2009).The Good Research guide: For Small-Scale Research Projects.Philadelphia: U.S.A, Open University Press. Elbanna,   S.   (2007). Influences on strategic decision effectiveness: Development and  Ã‚  test of an integrative model. Strategic Management Journal Vol. 28(4): 431.  

Friday, October 18, 2019

Burglary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Burglary - Essay Example Unfortunately, the more monetary benefit every break in promises, the more security they are likely to encounter. This therefore solicits increased research on the safest entry and means of evading the risks, which may at times entail the use of forceful resistance. Evidence forms the basis to every investigation, after burglaries, detectives called into the scene busy themselves with the identification and collection of evidence that may lead to the arrest of the culprits. Once at the scene, the detectives tape off the area. This keeps the public or other third parties away thereby minimizing interference with the evidence collected. The detectives should only let authorized personnel into the area; these include fellow detectives and victims of the burglary. The police should protect outside areas, such items as plastics and tarpaulin to prevent any foreign interference. The area should be effectively protected, no item should be moved or relocated, and no unauthorized activity should be carried out until the area is completely processed (Bryan, 2004). Among the things that detectives look for in the investigation process include pieces of clothes that could be torn during the robbery, dusting the scene for finger prints and looking for any item that could possible have been left behind by the gang in their exit from the scene. Such evidences are used to describe the culprit. If effectively analyzed results in either the arrest of the criminals or the matching of the criminals with those in police databases. Investigating a burglary requires keen eyed detectives to easily pick trails that are possibly left by some of the most experienced robbers. The first step is the collection of any form of evidence or trail which may never seem consequential to the final arrest of the robbers. The most obvious ways of gathering physical evidence include the use of cameras to capture photographs of the scene and dusting for fingerprints. If the

Agency and partnershipl law assessed coursework Essay

Agency and partnershipl law assessed coursework - Essay Example An agent’s actual authority may be either implied or express. As regards to express authority, there will be no issues as everything will be explained or predetermined. An ostensible authority will occur when if the authority has been conferred on the agent, even if such authority is not bestowed upon him by express words. For instant, if an insurer permits his agent to have in possession of blank cover notes, then the insurer implicitly permits him to create temporary insurance contracts on behalf the insurer. If temporary oral contracts entered by an agent are being continuously adopted by the insurer, then it will confer an ostensible authority on that agent1. This research essay will make an earnest attempt to establish that there is no any difference between the acutual and ostensible authority as it appears to be . Analysis Usual Authority of an Agent An agent’s usual authority is interpreted by the courts in the background of actual implicit power, which is being conferred to an agent due to circumstance of a specific case like usual power of an agent from a specific custom or particular trade. Thus, usual authority of an agent is viewed as a feature of apparent or actual authority. . In Watteau v Fenwick , the manager of a beer house had the express authority to buy cigars from the defendant onlyHowever, the agent (manager) bought the cigars from the plaintiff. In a suit for claiming to settle the amount due to the plaintiff, it was held that as the plaintiff was not aware of the express restriction, and since, it fell within the usual power of the manager of a beer house to place an order for this type of goods, the principal was held accountable3. However, in Daun v Simmins4, the decision held in Watteau v Fenwick was contrasted where it was observed that if an agent (manager) of a â€Å"tied† public house only has the power in general to purchase spirits from a specific source. In cases like this, no reliance on an implied author ity can be made by a supplier so as to sue the principal5. Implied or Ostensible or Apparent Authority An implicit or implied or apparent or ostensible authority means where a third party is enticed to enter into a contract with a principal through a party who seems to have power to function or act but in reality , he is lacking such power or authority. In â€Å"Freeman & Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd†, Diplock, LJ held that there is vast difference between apparent authority and actual authority. Despite these, terms are always coincided and co-existed without the other and their relevant background may be diverse. In actual authority, there is a relationship which exists between an agent and the principal legally which is ushered by an unanimous agreement to which they are regarded to be parties6. In ING Re (UK) Ltd v R & V Versicherung AG7, the apparent authority of an agent was explained by Toulson J as one, which is footed upon estoppel by representati on. Where a third party (X) is being caused or represented by a Principal (P) that the agent (A) has the power to function on P’s behalf, and X is dealing with A as an agent of P purely on the reliance of such representation, P is liable to the acts of A to the same magnitude as if A had the required power which he was demonstrating as possessing8. In Zurich General Accident and Liability

INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL INTERVIEW & PAPER Assignment

INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL INTERVIEW & PAPER - Assignment Example It lies within the latitudes 24 and 37 degree north and longitude 62 and 75 degree east. The country consists of five provinces - Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa and Gilgit/Baltistan - and its capital is named Islamabad. Pakistan has one of the richest and most diverse cultures in the world. It is because this land had seen a number of invaders in the past including Whites, Persians, Turks and Mongols who had spread their own culture across this land. For this very reason we get to see diversity in culture throughout Pakistan with different ethnic groups having their own preferences when it comes to food, dressing, lifestyle etc. Increased globalization has brought further diversity to the country with Western culture increasingly being adopted by the people (â€Å"Pakistan Culture†, 2009). Ali himself comes from a Westernized background with many of his friends educated abroad, who love hanging out at international food chains and who openly drink. This defies my research since I found that alcohol was banned in Pakistan. But then there are so many things that are banned in the US too but still people do them. Religion shapes many of the Pakistan’s customs. ... Employment forms in Pakistan range from menial labor to jobs at multinational companies. The minimum wage per month of a Pakistani is Rs.10,000 (USD 100) and that is why many families live below the poverty line. Entrepreneurship has seen a rise in recent times and many people have switched to self created jobs. Induction of multinationals have brought good fortune to locals and created highly paid jobs. But people like Ali have moved out of the country for better job opportunities and better lifestyles. Since Pakistan is a developing country, the road network is not that of an international standard and is absent in much part of the country. Public transportation through buses is the most common means of traveling, with the slightly stable families using motor bikes and the ones economically sound use petrol and gas driven cars. Pakistan also has a sound air that connects cities and countries. Though a railway network is also present, the experience is not worth trying, says Ali. In frastructure within Pakistan varies from city to city. From mud houses to high rises, one can find it all. The metropolitan city homes a number of high rises and is a safe abode for businesses and other activities. Recently a sky-scraper by the name of Centaurus and designed by a British architectural company was officially inaugurated in the capital city. These developments hold a brighter future for the country’s growth and economy. Pakistan is one of the two countries of the world, made on religious lines of Islam and that is what is practiced by the majority of citizens. Almost 98% of Pakistanis are Muslim while the remaining 2% are either Hindu, Christians or other minority groups. My research led me to believe that Pakistanis were taken by religion in every aspects of life but

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Pop Art and Photorealism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pop Art and Photorealism - Essay Example Photorealism, although a product of the much larger pop art movement during the 60s, had another aim during creation. The artists first took photographs of a place or event and then back in their studio the artist replicated the photo onto canvas. The paintings coming from photos were highly realistic and appealing. These artists differed from traditional pop artists in that they did not use already published material and superimpose it to a painting. Instead, the painter was intimately familiar with the location as the painter was also usually the photographer. Photo realism was not about the mockery of life, but more the enjoyment and wonderment of the ordinary. Anything could be ordinary, but when looked upon a different way, it became something new. While pop artists were able to use relatively any media for their paintings, photo realists had a specific set of rules on what constituted a photorealism painting. These five guidelines set about what it meant to be an originator of the movement. Due to these rules, only a select few could be considered founders of the movement. Artistic movements evolve and die out as new methods present themselves. Pop art, while extremely popular during the 1960s, has faded from popularity. Photo realism, on the other hand, gained popularity with its lifelike paintings and representations of life. Many remember Andy Warhol, while there are not that many photo realists that are household names. This is due to the fact that what pop artists did caused people to remember for days.

Misconception about the corrections system Research Paper

Misconception about the corrections system - Research Paper Example The concern of the systems is care and custody of the offenders. Similarly, many people believe that people are taken to corrections system so that they can be punished. They think that random assignment corrections system place in any inmate in a program is a form of injustice to the inmates (Rosenblatt 1996). This results in the misconception that the officers at those facilities misuse the law breakers by giving them the harshest form of punishment. They fail to understand that there are rules guiding the officers on what form of punishment to impose on a certain crime. The effective punishment for an offender is imprisonment and if one commits a crime, they will pay by spending time in correctional facilities (Santos 2007). This is a misconception because law breaking is punishable before law. The offenders are forced by these systems into accountability for their actions. Misconceptions about corrections system result from lack of information about these systems (Santos 2007). These can be corrected by giving the right information about corrections system. This could be through holding seminars with prisoners or sticking posters in their premises conveying this information. Leaflets about the same can also be circulated for outside world to get to know more about corrections system. The central concern of the corrections system is to enforce punishment and rehabilitation to law breakers. However, there are misconceptions surrounding their way of operations. These misconceptions can be corrected by providing information about corrections

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Sculpture Across the Paliolithic to 300BCE have the same hair Essay

Sculpture Across the Paliolithic to 300BCE have the same hair - Essay Example This idea enables a viewer like me to identify social statuses of Greek models. I believe that the long, symmetric and curly hairstyles imply ancient Greek tradition and culture. Four sculptures from Ancient Greece captured my interest. These sculptures are important works of art, and they are displayed in famous museums. The first is the Statue of a Youth from Paul Getty Museum. This statue is also featured in Janson’s History of Art textbook. The second one is called Head of Hades from the Online Metropolitan Museum of Art. The third is called Statue of a Kouros, which is displayed at J. Paul Getty Villa Museum located in Malibu, California, and the fourth is the Kore, located in Akropolis Museum in Athens and is also featured in Janson’s History of Art. While I was gazing at these works of art, one aspect caught my attention: the similarity in hairstyles of ancient Greek sculptures. I noted that all sculptures have symmetrical braids or curls that cover the forehead. The first sculpture is called Statue of a Youth. It is located at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Malibu, California under â€Å"Sicily: Art and Invention between Greece and Rome Exhibit.† The sculpture dates back to 470-460 BC from ancient Greece. It is made of marble and measures 181 cm. tall. The sculpture presents a young man, a charioteer from Mozia in Sicily. On one hand, his small face and well-built body form emphasizes his youth and strength. On the other, his hairstyle, which according to the caption, â€Å"ends in ringlets,† may seem feminine to modern viewers. Many would think that his hair is fashionable, some would wonder who styled it; others might take interest in the cultural background of the hairstyle. These reflections could lead to the inkling as to why the charioteer has ringed braids. Was this the fad in Ancient Greece or did social status have anything to do with the hairstyle? The caption states, â€Å"The Mozia youth's capped hair ends in ringle ts, an untypical feature, and symmetrical.† This caption acknowledges the fact that the artist employed symmetry in his art, despite the half-twisted gaze of the young man. It also declares that the hairstyle is untypical or uncommon; hence it is important to consider tracing back the history of braiding among CVbnm,.charioteers and the whole society of ancient Greece to know the relevance of the hairstyle in display. Nevertheless, I will reserve my findings in the latter part of this paper. Statue of a Youth (the Mozia Charioteer, detail), 460 B.C., Sikeliote (Sicilian Greek). Marble, h: 181 cm. J. Paul Getty Museum The statue is placed in the middle of the room, making it the center of attraction. From this location, viewers can note the importance of this piece of art in Greek art and culture. The sculpture is not within a glass case. Made of marble, I suppose it can stand heat and cold, and will not tarnish easily. Nevertheless, some features are missing, such as the arms (and hands), nose, and one shoulder, which could help give more information to the viewer. I am not sure if these are intended or the sculpture was actually damaged at some point in its existence. According to the book, the sculpture was damaged when Carthaginian forces seized the artworks from Sicily. The figure, which displays the features or a charioteer from

Misconception about the corrections system Research Paper

Misconception about the corrections system - Research Paper Example The concern of the systems is care and custody of the offenders. Similarly, many people believe that people are taken to corrections system so that they can be punished. They think that random assignment corrections system place in any inmate in a program is a form of injustice to the inmates (Rosenblatt 1996). This results in the misconception that the officers at those facilities misuse the law breakers by giving them the harshest form of punishment. They fail to understand that there are rules guiding the officers on what form of punishment to impose on a certain crime. The effective punishment for an offender is imprisonment and if one commits a crime, they will pay by spending time in correctional facilities (Santos 2007). This is a misconception because law breaking is punishable before law. The offenders are forced by these systems into accountability for their actions. Misconceptions about corrections system result from lack of information about these systems (Santos 2007). These can be corrected by giving the right information about corrections system. This could be through holding seminars with prisoners or sticking posters in their premises conveying this information. Leaflets about the same can also be circulated for outside world to get to know more about corrections system. The central concern of the corrections system is to enforce punishment and rehabilitation to law breakers. However, there are misconceptions surrounding their way of operations. These misconceptions can be corrected by providing information about corrections

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Recruitment and Selection Essay Example for Free

Recruitment and Selection Essay The hiring process can be draining and drown out. Searching for the right candidate to fill the position can be compared to finding a needle in a hay stack. Many employers have an idea/visual of how the replacement of what qualifications the new employee should acquire before the training process take place. With employee selection, assessment and decision making process should be carefully assessed to ensure that there are no laws broken were potential law suits can be filed. This paper will discuss the legal issues that may arise if the above processes are not handled with precaution. Legal Issues With the increase of lawsuits that are being established in the workforce over the past years they have been an increase in the number of lawyers and firms that specialize in employment law. With the economy in the shape that it’s in, more companies are having to law off employers, some that have been there for years. Their selection process is being questions on how they are choosing the employees that are to permanently/temporary laid off. Therefore this is caused an increase in the number of cases the firms are taking in more cases at least 15% more than the previous years. This is because many feel that employers are firing those that can benefit from staying employed and receiving their full benefits, in some cases retirement. To decrease organizations from being forced to participate in lawsuits brought about them, an article stated the best alternative would be to develop a strategy for the company that involved at least three of the following steps: 1) â€Å"Draft good policies and revise them frequently ) Train employees to follow procedures utilizing scenarios that prompt open discussion, development of issue awareness and recognition of employer and employee responsibilities 3) Insist on effective consultation and communication among managers, human resources professionals and legal staff (in other words, the team approach)† (McDowell Leavitt 2011). Discrimination Issues The process of hiring new employees for a position within an organization. With this process, the major legal issue that the employer needs to keep in mind is not to discriminate. Discrimination is a big factor due to the employer has in mind what it takes for a person to perform the duties of a certain position. There are several laws that the organization must keep in their mind when screening employees, such as; the Civil Right Act of 1964, Disability Act, Age Discriminating Act, and many more. Each of the acts and laws prohibits employees to discriminate against employees or new hires based on their race, sex, disability and religion. In today’s time, employees have to have a firm or an attorney working for them to ensure that that they are not breaking the as many With given employees assessments, most employers are given them the assessments to point out their skill sets. But some assessments identify other issues within the employees. Some assessments identifies whether or not people have a mental illness, learning disabilities, or any other illness that may prevent them from performing their job duties. As a result, many those assessments are being said to discriminate against the employee, thus violating their rights. If an employee has a mental health illness the only way a company/organization can terminate them from a position is if that illness will prevent them from performing their job duties. In fact, many executives stated that they are reluctant to hire people with disabilities due to the accommodation’s they may need. But with all the baby boomers retiring they are going to have to look into that area. In 2005, statistics showed that â€Å"21,455,000 (12. 6%) of the 169,765,000 working-age individuals reported one or more disabilities† (Lengnick-Hall, Gaunt, Kulkarni 2008). Executives were also asked is it a main priority to hire people with disability? They responded with the following; â€Å"trying to hire someone with a disability, the main concern is . . . having the skills you would need to be on the air to be able to do those things that would actually apply. I think it would be the perception that people with disabilities don’t have communication skills and wouldn’t be able to problem-solve at a faster pace, wouldn’t be able to independently problem-solve† (ibid). Conclusion  With larger organizations, it will be best to have a lawyer working hand and hand with the human resource department to ensure that they don’t discriminate against employees. Since discrimination is the major issues within the workforce. It could cause the company millions and most likely close the doors if they don’t have enough revenue to pay the lawsuit. Discrimination, especially if the executives of the organization are making statements as the ones is the survey, mention that it’s not a main priority because they may not be able to communicate as others do. That’s a perception and basis.

Monday, October 14, 2019

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis

The Usefulness Of Titration And Colorimetric Analysis As a child I was reasoned into taking vitamin supplements as they would make me grow tall and strong. Micronutrients like vitamin C are an empirical base to the formula for maintaining a healthy and balanced body, vitamin C for example has proven to be fundamentally responsible for the regeneration of our teeth, bones, teeth and skin. Moreover its unique regenerative properties have made it a key component of several pharmaceutical products that treat disease that were once thought incurable, namely scurvy. Its biological significance adequately highlights the importance given to its estimation, but one must not forget its chemical relevance. Vitamin C has proven its chemical significance both as an antioxidant and a stabiliser for to the vitamin B complex, two applications where the amount of ascorbate is of the upmost importance. As part of a tenth grade science fair project I went about determining the concentration of vitamin C in freshly squeezed orange juice. The means of volum etric analysis I used to determine the concentration of vitamin C was simple acid-base titration. I titrated vitamin C against a known quantity of analyte sodium hydroxide. The results I was left with did not successfully reflect the literature values; in fact I was far off. For years practising chemists have attempted to develop an analytical procedure that is simple to operate, rapid, accurate, sensitive and selective and consequently a large number of procedures have sprouted with diverging capabilities  [1]  . My decision to carry out the following investigation has arisen from the errors present whilst using acid-base titration, as a means of volumetric analysis for vitamin C, and a wish to analyse the varying procedures that have arisen in recent years for vitamin C estimation. I have conducted the following investigation with the following research question in mind: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Background Information: Vitamin C Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water soluble vitamin that occurs naturally in citrus fruits, leafy vegetables, berries, tomatoes and several other plant sources. It has several beneficial properties that play an imperative role in our bodys internal chemistry and therefore consistent intake of this organic molecule is of the upmost importance. Vitamin Cs primary role involves helping in the production of collagen a key component in connective tissues such the ligaments, tendons, skin, bones, cartilage, and blood vessels. Along with its biological significance, Vitamin Cs unique structure has also made it chemically vital. Note: one could generalise and say that ascorbic acid and vitamin C are synonyms for each other; Vitamin C is in fact an L- enantiomer of ascorbic acid. An enantiomer is a compound whose molecular structure is not super imposable on its mirror image. The L signifies one of two forms of optical isomers, the second being D-form. Such specifications are irrelevant to this extended essay as the physical and chemical properties of two enantiomers of a chiral compound such as ascorbic acid are identical as long as they do not react with other optically active substances. Therefore for the purpose of simplifying this essay I have used the terms Vitamin C and ascorbic acid interchangeably. Vitamin C has an appearance ranging from a whitey to light yellowy powder. A typical molecule of this sugar-acid is composed of 6 carbon, 6 oxygen and 8 hydrogen atoms; this arrangement can be seen below: File:L-Ascorbic acid.svg Figure Ascorbic acid structure  [2]   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/L-ascorbic-acid-3D-balls.png Figure Ascorbic acid 3-D structure  [3]   Strictly speaking vitamin C is the enolic  [4]  form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactone. Most enols are unstable and therefore are quickly de-protonated to form an enolate ion, shown in the centre of figure 1: http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ascorbic_acidity3.png/500px-Ascorbic_acidity3.png Figure Transfer of electron pairs in ascorbic acid  [5]   Figure Distribution of Electrons in enolate ion  [6]   In the case of vitamin C it can further lose a proton as shown on figure 1 to the adjacent double bond, in turn stabilising the enolate ion. The transfer of electrons between the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups and the existence of two resonance structures for the negative enolate ion are also characteristic of a vinylogous carboxylic acid.  [7]  It is important to note that vitamin C is a reducing agent (electron donor) and has a standard electrode potential of 0.08V. It is also water soluble because of the numerous hydroxyl groups that are found in its structure and can therefore form hydrogen bond with water molecules. Redox reactions For this investigation the effectiveness of colorimetry and titration will be explored by means of redox reactions in acidic media. This family of reactions is fundamentally concerned with the transferral of electrons between the species in a chemical system. Like acid-base reactions this family of reactions is antagonistic in nature, they occur in opposing pairs i.e. every reduction is accompanied by an oxidation reaction and vice versa. A Redox reaction is often characterised by the loss and subsequent gain in oxygen between two species in a system for example: Copper (II) oxide + Hydrogen = Copper + water CuO (s) + H2 (g) = Cu + H2O (g) In this case since copper oxide is losing oxygen, it is being reduced and subsequently one could say hydrogen is being oxidised into water due to the gain of oxygen. Similarly we could suggest that Hydrogen is the reducing agent as it takes oxygen away and copper oxide is the oxidizing agent since it gives away oxygen. Similarly a gain in hydrogen characterises a reduced species and a loss in hydrogen characterises an oxidised species. Yet not all redox reactions will involve oxygen, the reaction between sodium and chloride is redox in nature yet there are no molecules of oxygen involved. This gives a second set of definitions for redox reactions: If a species loses one or more electrons during a reaction it has been oxidised(oxidation), and if it gains electrons it has been reduced(reduction) A species removing electrons is an oxidising agent( species itself is reduced), and if a species donates electrons it is a reducing agent( species itself is oxidised) Note: In several chemical reactions the aforementioned transferral of electrons may never actually happen and because of this reason a more accurate description of oxidation is, an increase in the oxidation number of a species and therefore a reduction is defined as a decrease in the oxidation number of a species.  [8]   Redox reactions can be broken down into half equations to demonstrate the transferral: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Redox_Halves.png Figure Half equations  [9]   Experiment 1 Though colorimetry is being tested here, the principle reaction here is a redox reaction taking place between ascorbic acid and acidified Potassium permanganate. In its oxidised state Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) is a purple crystallised structure. Considering it is a very strong oxidising agent, acidified KMnO4 (aq) was used as the oxidising titrant in this red-ox titration. In an acidic environment  [10]  it readily oxidises ascorbic acid consequently being reduced to Manganese (II) ions from its Manganate (VII) oxidised state. Half equation: Through our experimentation it was found that generally speaking the red-ox reaction harbours a decrease in the intensity of the purple inclining me to believe that eventually the solution would become colourless as all Manganate ions would be transformed into Manganese ions. This colour change was detected as an increase in transmittance, for successive concentrations of ascorbic acid by a colorimeter set to 565nm  [11]  . This positive correlation is evident on the trend lines presented on graphs 2 and 3. Yet one must account for the so to say false drops in transmittance. The drop can be explained by the formation of MnO2 particles which give the solution a dark brownish colour: Eventually the MnO2 particles precipitate under the influence of the sulphuric acid, allowing for the trend to continue. This phenomenon is further explained in the appendix. One should also note the fact that MnO4 has a standard electrode potential of 1.51V and considering that vitamin C has a lower one there is sure to be an effective redox reaction. Sulphuric acid Sulphuric plays a more significant role than simply providing the acidic conditions for the relevant redox reactions. Ascorbic acid itself is a weak acid and therefore would undergo a neutralisation reaction if it were in a basic environment (a pH higher than 7). It would thereafter be oxidised and the resulting product dehydroascorbic acid, would undergo a hydrolysis reaction due to the alkalinity of the solution. The ester bonds in Vitamin C would consequently break thus the degradation of vitamin C:  [12]   vitamin C decomposition Figure Degradation of Vitamin C  [13]   Furthermore sulphuric acid helps delay the spontaneous oxidation of ascorbic acid brought about by atmospheric conditions by providing a protective layer. Colorimetry A colorimeter measures the colour intensity of a sample in terms of the red, blue, and green components of light reflected from the solution. The instrument operates on the basis of Beer-Lamberts law  [14]  which states that the absorption of light transmitted through a species is directly proportional to the concentration of that species. Effectively we are measuring what fraction of a beam of light passing through a sample reaches a detector on the other side of the sample. The coloured analyte (species being studied) may absorb photons in the beam of light thus reducing the number of photons in the beam of light leaving the solution. The number of photons detected gives a value of the % transmittance which is the independent variable in this part of the investigation. A calibrated chart for known concentrations of ascorbic acid vs. %Transmittance was made to help identify unknown concentrations of ascorbic acid in different assays with respect to measured %transmittances. Iodometry The redox reaction between iodine and ascorbic acid can be used to calculate the amount of ascorbic acid in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea. The pre-prepared solution was made on the basis of this reaction: KIO3 (aq) + 6 H+ (aq) + 5 I- (aq) â‚ ¬Ã‚  3 I2 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) + K+ (aq) As we can see iodine solution can be acquired through this reaction. The iodine is quickly reduced into its iodide ion in the presence of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic in turn is oxidised into dehydroascorbic acid: Figure oxidation of ascorbic acid  [15]   Once the ascorbic acid has all been oxidised, iodine will remain in excess. As the iodine molecules build up they will react with the iodine ions to form a blue-black complex with the starch, marking the end-point of the titration. These are the relevant redox half equations: I2 + Reduction half reaction for Iodine at a slightly acidic pH Oxidation half reaction for vitamin-C (C6H8O6) at a slightly acidic pH Final redox reaction : C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + 2 I- (aq) + 2 H+(aq) (ascorbic acid) (dehydroascorbic acid) Preparing potassium permanganate (KMnO4) solution: Precisely fill a 1 litre Erlenmeyer flask with 600cm3 (600ml) of distilled water Measure out 4g of crushed potassium permanganate crystals, which are to be added into the Erlenmeyer flask containing the distilled water Swirl the solution until all the KMnO4 has dissolved and an intense purple solution has been formed. Preparing standardised solutions of ascorbate: Pipette 5ml of 1M sulphuric acid into each of the test-tubes Carefully Pour 100 ml of distilled water in each of the test-tubes and seal them with a bung Place all the test-tubes in some form of refrigerated unit to delay the ascorbic acid from being oxidised Calculating calibration chart: Set up your data logging equipment and set your colorimeter so that a a green LED light of wavelength 565nm is transmitted across cuvettes Pipette 3ml of distilled water into a fresh cuvette and calibrate the colorimeter to the transmittance through distilled water is a 100% Pour 30 ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution into a 200 ml beaker containing 50 ml of distilled water Pipette 3ml of the 30ml KMnO4 (aq) into two fresh cuvettes Place these cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter Measure the transmittances for 12 seconds and record them as trial 1 and 2 for the transmittance for when no ascorbic acid is present Thoroughly clean and dry the 200ml beaker and thereafter carefully pour into it, 30ml of the pre-prepared potassium permanganate solution Remove test-tube 1 (containing 0.009 grams of ascorbic acid) and pour the contents into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4 (aq) After allowing the acidified red-ox reaction to continue for 5 minutes pipette 3ml of the product twice into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after the other into the colorimeter, set to wavelength 565nm, and record the respective transmittances for test tube 1 as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 14-17 for each test-tube thus retaining transmittance values for all the different quantities of ascorbic acid Plot a suitable calibration chart for the average of the two trials of each sample Extracting Vitamin C from cultivars of Brassica oleracea: Collect the necessary apparatus and clean it Set a hot plate to 50 degrees centigrade and place a beaker with 100 ml water and a thermometer on it Measure out 100g of Cabbage and place them in a beaker Once the water has reached 50 degrees remove the beaker of water from the hot plate and switch it with the beaker of leaves Leaves the leaves on the hot plate for 5 minutes to slow down the action of ascorbic acid oxidase Cut the sample of cabbage as much as possible to facilitate the grinding Note: Try to perform neat cuts so as to not release too much ascorbic acid oxidase which would obscure the results Add 5ml (as with the standardised solutions) of sulphuric acid to the leaves, add some sand to help make the grinding of the leaves easier Grind the mixture using a mortar and pester until an homogenate state is achieved ( you may add 10 ml of water to help achieve the homogenate state faster but this could obscure your results considering vitamin C is water soluble and it must be added before adding the acid) The homogenate mixture produced can now be filtered through the Mira cloth into a 200ml measuring beaker as shown in Appendix To attain maximum yield you may squeeze the Mira cloth to squeeze out any remaining fluid into the measuring cylinder, yet ensure that you have precisely 50 ml of the filtered liquid present in the measuring cylinder Note: ensure that 50 ml is present in each of the measuring cylinders regardless of the source Precisely dilute the filtrate to a 100 ml, seal the beaker and refrigerate it Steps 20- 30 will have to repeated for each cultivar so that you will end up with 3 beakers, each with an equal volume of the respective vegetable filtrate solution Analysing cultivars for Vitamin C: Repeat steps 8 and 9 Pour 30ml of the aqueous potassium permanganate into a 200ml beaker Remove the cabbage filtrate from the fridge and pour it into the 200ml beaker containing KMnO4(aq) Allow the reaction to proceed for 5 minutes Pipette 3ml of this mixture twice, into two different cuvettes Place the cuvettes one after another into the colorimeter that had been calibrated Record the transmittance for both cultivar solution for 12 seconds and record the results as trial 1 and 2 Repeat steps 33-38 for each cultivar Carrying out the Red-ox titration Titrate pre-prepared iodine solution against samples of ascorbic acid extracted from each vegetable: Make new samples of cultivar filtrate as outlined by steps 20 31 Add the 100 ml of the cabbage filtrate solution with the unknown concentration of ascorbic acid, to a 150 ml Erlenmeyer flask Carefully Titrate  [16]  the pre-prepared iodine solution  [17]  to this analyte drop by drop until the end point, a bluish-black colour that persists after 30 seconds of swirling, is reached Repeat this experiment at least thrice; to obtain three different measurement that should agree with each other within 0.1 ml average the three results obtained Steps 40 to 44 have to be repeated for every cultivar filtrate Record all your results Table 18 Averages for all trials and final average No of moles of AA present in 100ml of aqueous potassium permanganate Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 (+/- 0.01%) Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 -used for calibration chart (+/- 0.01%) Cultivar of Brassica oleracea Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 1 Average % transmittance recorded by colorimeter in trial 2 Average % transmittance of trials 1 and 2 used for calibration chart Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Broccoli: Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Concentration of ascorbic acid = 0.0048 mol dm-3 (L-1) Number of moles = Concentration Volume Number of moles = 0.0048 0.1 = 0.00048 moles Thus both graphs show same data, I shall use transmittance vs. Moles graph from now on as this way it is quicker to calculate the mass of ascorbic acid per 100g of the relevant cultivar of Brassica oleracea. Number of moles = 0.00048 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00048 176.12 =0.08454 g/100ml =0.08454 g/100g =84.54mg of AA in 100g of broccoli (+/- 1.04%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cauliflower: Number of moles = 0.00023 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00023 176.12 = 0.04051 g/100ml = 0.04051 g/100g = 40.51mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/- 2.17%) Estimation for Mg of ascorbic acid in 100g of Cabbage: Number of moles = 0.00014 moles Mass = Number of moles Mass of one moles (Mr) Mass = 0.00014 176.12 = 0.02466 g/100ml = 0.02466 g/100g (+/- 3.57%) = 24.66mg of AA in 100g of cabbage Amount of iodine solution titrated into Broccoli cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cauliflower cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Amount of iodine solution titrated into Cabbage cultivar before end-point is reached (+/- 0.05ml) Trial 1 49.00 28.00 21.00 Trial 2 51.00 25.00 16.00 Trial 3 50.00 28.00 20.00 Averages 50.00 27.00 19.00 Facts to bear: Molar ratio of iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1; ascorbic acid + I2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 2 Ià ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ + dehydroascorbic acid Concentration of iodine solution is 0.01 mol L-1 Mr of Ascorbic acid for the purpose of this experiment is rounded to 176.12 g mol-1 It is assumed that 100 ml = 100g End point is where blue colour persists for more than 30 seconds Broccoli: On average 50 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.050 0.010 = 5.0 10-4moles of iodine solution used Since ratio is iodine to ascorbic acid is 1:1 number of moles of ascorbic acid present in solution is equal to iodine used in titration. Number of moles of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml solution of broccoli juice = 5 10-4moles Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of broccoli juice solution = 5 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.08806g/ 100ml = 88.06 mg of AA in 100g of broccoli(+/- 0.10%) Cauliflower: On average 27 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.027 0.010 = 2.7 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cauliflower juice solution = 2.7 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.04755g/ 100ml = 47.55 mg of AA in 100g of cauliflower (+/-0.19%) Cabbage: On average 19 ml of iodine was used until end point reached No of moles = Volume concentration No. Of moles of iodine used = 0.019 0.010 = 1.9 10-4moles of iodine solution used Mass = Number of moles Mr Mass of ascorbic acid present in 100 ml of cabbage juice solution = 1.9 10-4moles 176.12 = 0.03346g/100ml = 33.46 mg of AA in 100g of cabbage (+/-0.26%) Concluding Investigation The point of this investigation was to explore the following research question: How far do colorimetric readings agree with the results acquired through red-ox titration, a means of volumetric analysis, for the amount, in mg, of ascorbic acid in 100g of 3 different cultivars of Brassica oleracea obtained from a local supermarket? Before assessing the proximity of the two sets of results obtained, I have provided a set of literature values to help determine not only the accuracy of each individual experiment but also to eventually determine which of the two procedure delivered more promising results. Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cabbage: 36.60 mg (20% refuse)  [18]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw broccoli: 89.20 mg (39% refuse)  [19]   Value of ascorbate in 100g of raw cauliflower: 48.20 mg (61% refuse)  [20]   Surprisingly the experimental values for both experiments werent too far from the literature values provided above. Through colorimetry means it was found that 24.66 mg of ascorbic acid was to be found in the 100 gram assay of cabbage. As for the results obtained through iodometry it was found that the 100 g sample of cabbage consisted of 33.46mg. From the data collected it is evident that the iodometric means of analysis was more effective in determining ascorbate amount in cabbage as it returned a value that was 91.42% of the literature value whereas the colorimetry means returned a value that was 67.38% of the literature value. More significantly the error percentage concerning the cabbage was relatively lower for the iodometric titration than the error percentage for the Colorimetry based values, +/-0.26% and +/-3.57% respectively. The two aforementioned trends; difference between literature and experimental values and error percentage was similarly evident for both the other cul tivars. Iodometry returned a value of 47.55mg/100g of cauliflower assay with an error percentage of +/- 0.19% and by means of colorimetry a lower value of 40.51mg/100g was obtained with a higher error percentage of +/- 2.17%. Finally the broccoli assay too returned values that fit the aforementioned trend. The experimental values derived through colorimetry suggested a typical 100g assay of broccoli contains 84.54 mg of ascorbate with an error percentage of +/-1.04%. The Iodometric experiment returned a value in close proximity to the literature value; the results suggested that a typical 100g assay of broccoli may contain 88.06mg of ascorbic acid with a minimal error percentage of 0.10%. Through the data provided above one could superficially suggest that the redox titration involving iodine and ascorbic acid has much better served the purpose of determining ascorbic acid quantities in the cultivars of Brassica oleracea than using colorimetry to track the redox reaction between KMnO4 and ascorbic acid. Though this seems to be the case it is important to highlight the factors that could have affected the reliability of both experiments. The following variables were controlled: Source of cultivars Amount of cultivar in each assay Equal amounts of sulphuric acid used in all assays All assays were equally heated The results of two separate redox reaction was being measured in both experiments The means of extracting vitamin C out of the cultivars Yet it was not possible to control all the variables. One should primarily note how vitamin C is not equally displaced throughout a species of vegetable or fruit or any other source. Therefore the conjecture stated above about reliability of both the investigations holds true only if the following is assumed; vitamin C is equally present throughout all the cultivars of Brassica oleracea used. Practically speaking this was not the case as the iodometry experiment was carried out before the colorimetry thus leaving the cultivars more exposed to atmospheric oxidation thus in general there would be less ascorbic acid in the samples of cultivar mixed with KMnO4 than in the samples upon which iodine was titrated on. Furthermore the quantities of refuse with our experiments were inconsistent unlike that of the generalised literature values, though not calculated it was evident that our primitive school based techniques led to much more refuse than the stated amounts of the literature values . This applies foremostly to the cabbage, from which it was the hardest to retain an assay from and thus had a refuse of much higher than 20%. Inconsistent refuses wouldve have meant that the ascorbic acid extracted is not representative of the full 100g assay. One should also take account of the fact that atmospheric oxidation is inconsistent and irregular, because the experiments lasted over days. This could explain the lower values obtained for the longer lasting colorimetry investigation. The length of this investigation means that the sample solutions of vitamin C used to create the calibrated graph were sure to have lost vitamin C, despite being placed in a fridge; this questions the reliability of our calibrated graph and furthermore explains why the first investigation returned lower values of ascorbic acid in the 100g assays. Another problem with the colorimetry experiment was the fact that we used KMnO4 solution, which is generally contaminated with MnO2. The MnO2 as sugge sted earlier on in the investigation leads to false drops therefore leading once again to a questionable calibrated graph which has a general inward inclination thereof giving lower experimental values for ascorbate concentrations. The MnO2 induced drops basically lead to varying readings from the colorimeter which made it difficult to produce an accurate calibrated chart. Furthermore KMnO4 has the tendency to react with contaminants found in water due to its oxidative properties, thereby further discrediting the calibration curve made. Another major uncertainty was my use of iodine for the redox titration, not only did I not control the oxidising agent but iodine is evidently not specific enough to estimate amount of ascorbic acid in vegetable cultivars. This is because there are other reducing agents such as uric acid in broccoli, which interfere with the titer values. Since ascorbic acid is not the only one responsible for reducing iodine to iodide ions the assumed end point is q uestionable. This further suggests the higher values for vitamin C amount found through iodometry and explains why the results are so accurate relative to the literature values. There are several other uncertainties that one could consider such as the errors with the equipment, the loss of vitamin C whilst extracting it from the various cultivars and so forth yet they do not make a difference as both experiments are exposed to these uncertainties and thus in effect they cancel out and can be ignored. We have assessed the flaws in each of the means of analysis and taking all aspects into consideration i find the permanganate and vitamin C redox reaction tracked by a colorimeter a better method. Fitstly because we are not relying on anindicator, permanganate is an indicator itself, and the concentration does not deteriorate if well stopped in amber bottles whereas concentrations of iodine dramatically deteriorate overtime. Furthermore it seems the flaws with this investigation are more technical in nature and can be m

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Womens Roles Essay -- Ancient India, Gender Roles

In ancient India, women occupied a very important position, a superior position to men. To understand the position of women in Hinduism, we must recognize the Hindu scriptures guidelines to a woman’s position in Hindu society, but fail to address some roles of a Hindu woman specifically. This vague generalization of a woman’s role in the religious spectrum leaves open interpretation for the woman. Conflict arises when women are criticized by men, for the way they interpret the guidelines. Critically, we begin with the Hindu scriptures, because it is the heart and source of their cultural norms which can be perceived as an expression of the perceptions of the way of life. Scriptures of Hinduism hold the highest authority towards women roles and more importantly their obedience to their husbands. Laws enforced by the community; proves the husband’s absolute power over his wife. Despite the fact that the most powerful gods and goddesses of the Hindu religion are women, women in the society are expected to fill subservient roles to men. In this paper I will discuss the spiritual and cultural disconnect, answering the question why women are made to be obedient in spite of the spiritual hierarchy and why women continue to be subservient. These pivotal elements of obedience rose from a patriarchal society that deems women as subservient role. If Hindu scriptures can be perceived as the highest authority, what are the scriptures views on the position of women? The scripture states that although there are no spiritual differences of men and women, there are also no spiritual differences of men and women. Women have the same religious and spiritual freedoms in Hinduism as men. However, the status of women has been affected by other ... ...ful. The concern of protecting family honor must be appropriately examined. As husbands realize the importance of honoring their wives, maintaining prosperity, structural family alliances and public acknowledgement, wives also acknowledge the same importance, but in the concept of obedience† (Derne, 208, 211-212). India as an ethnically diverse society has religious, cultural, and social patterns of everyday Hindu life that must be adhered to. Ongoing movements within the culture still portray women as â€Å"good obedient wives†. Trained in submissiveness and nobility, the natures of obedience in marriages continue beyond death of your spouse. Traditions and rituals are not expected to change because Hindu marriage traditions are embedded at the early stages of life, and the patriarchal ideology continues to dominate the woman confining her to family† (Kosambi WS-38).

Saturday, October 12, 2019

A Beautiful Mind :: Movie Film Beautiful Mind Schizophrenia Essays

A Beautiful Mind The movie "A Beautiful Mind" tells the story of Nobel Prize winner John Nash's struggle with schizophrenia. It follows his journey from the point where he is not even aware he has schizophrenia, to the point where Nash and his wife find a way to manage his condition. The movie provides a lot of information and insight into the psychological condition of schizophrenia, including information on the symptoms, the treatment and cures, the life for the individual and for the individual's family. The movie is effective at demonstrating various concepts related to schizophrenia, and provides an insight into the disease of schizophrenia.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   The movie accurately portrays the nature of schizophrenia using John Nash as a perfect example, who exhibits many of the key symptoms of the disease. An inability to communicate is one of the main symptoms of schizophrenia, one which takes its toll on interpersonal relationships and intimacy. The movie does an excellent job showing the problems that Alicia had as she tries to help her husband seek treatment and recover from the disease. A Beautiful Mind directly shows a medical definition of schizophrenia. Nash exhibits many of the key symptoms of the disease: hallucinations (he has a roommates but he lives in a single dorm room), delusions (thinks he works for the government), ideas of reference, poor social skills (mumbles, doesn’t talk much to strangers), awkward gestures and facial expressions, and jumbled speech. I do, however, feel it is impossible for a film to convey the exact experience of a schizophrenic or to cover all the elements of the illness. Nash showed much change in the way he was functioning through the movie. After treatment, it seemed like he had his disease under control, but he still had problems disbelieving in his hallucinations by still acting on them. For example, he still thought he was working for the government by helping them decode secrete codes in the newspapers. He tried to hide this from his wife by keeping all his work hidden in a shed. Eventually, Nash's life is seen as he returns to the college to teach and continues completing his mathematics work, while still seeing the delusions. This life is clearly far from normal. But for Nash, it also seems the best option. Nash was still experiencing his disease at the end of the movie. Because it showed the people that he was hallucinating about, meaning that he could still see them and interact with them if he chooses to.

Friday, October 11, 2019

How is love presented in Pride and Prejudice Essay

The theme of love is presented in Pride and Prejudice through three main ways; firstly through the personalities of the characters, for example whether the character in question believes that love should play a larger part in the coming together of two people than the possible benefits, like wealth or societal position. Secondly, how love is presented in the actions of the different characters, this is to show what each of the characters actually does to display the individual opinions of love in the novel. I will show this through key dialogues and actions from the characters. And thirdly, I will comment on the change of the priorities in the mind of Mr. Darcy. Firstly, I will talk about the personalities of the characters. Mrs. Bennet is an obvious place to begin as she holds the most obvious state of mind in the novel. â€Å"And all the others equally well married; I shall have nothing to wish for.† Her clear desperation for the marriage of her daughters is backed up by a motive, that, when her husband dies the Bennet estate will be taken out of her hands because of an absence of a male heir. This gives Mrs Bennet a need for at least one of her daughters to be married.† In the beginning of the book, she is speaking to her husband about the coming of a man to the estate; â€Å"Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!† Her comment on the large fortune does indeed show that she appears more interested in the benefit of his wealth over whether her daughter will be happy. She then mentions beauty, â€Å"I certainly have had my share of beauty,† this shows that Mrs. Bennet may also be slightly swayed by the physical appearance of Mr Bingley’s figure. In the first chapter, there is no mention of his personality at all, showing that Mrs. Bennet falls firmly on the â€Å"wealth† side as opposed to the characters who favour â€Å"love.† Elizabeth, despite being the daughter of Mrs. Bennet, does in fact fall on the â€Å"love† side shown more prominently in her refusal of Mr. Collins’ hand in marriage. â€Å"You are too hasty sir,† she cried. â€Å"You forget that I have made no answer. Let me do it without farther loss of time †¦ but it is impossible for me to do otherwise than decline them (proposals.)† Mr Collins’ is not a good example of an honourable person shown especially in his arrogant persistence to win Elizabeth’s hand. Despite this, Elizabeth remains firm, showing her individuality and self-confidence as she follows through with what she says. â€Å"Really, Mr Collins,† cried Elizabeth with some warmth â€Å"you puzzle me exceedingly. If what I have hitherto said can appear to you in the form of encouragement, I know not how to express my refusal in such a way as may convince you of its being one.† Secondly, I will talk about the actions of the characters. Mr Collins displays his preference of marriage but not for the usual wealth reason, he wants to marry to make himself seem more important, â€Å"the subject elevated him to more than usual solemnity of manner, and with a most important aspect,† which seems to be his aim throughout most of the novel. We see his clear desperation for marriage when he proposes to Charlotte two days after proposing to Elizabeth. This is not a nice thing to do and it shows that Mr. Collins had no real regard for Elizabeth and is also likely to have limited regard for Charlotte either. Mr Wickham is also an example. He tells Elizabeth a lot about his suitability to marry and also spreads a lot of tales concerning Mr. Darcy which demonstrates that he may not be very concerned with love within a couple. â€Å"I should take him, even on my slight acquaintance, to be an ill-tempered man.† Finally, I will talk about the change in Mr Darcy. Elizabeth first meets Mr Darcy at the ball and because of a poor first impression, she then thinks him to be a rude man who she should not associate with, â€Å"the is meanness in all the arts which ladies sometimes condescend to employ for captivation,† while Darcy’s prejudice against Elizabeth’s social standing blinds him, for a short while, to her many virtues. Austen, meanwhile, poses countless smaller obstacles to the realization of the love between Elizabeth and Darcy, including Lady Catherine’s attempt to control her nephew, Miss Bingley’s snobbery, Mrs. Bennet’s idiocy, and Wickham’s deceit. The way he dismisses Elizabeth for her social class, â€Å"she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me,† shows that Mr. Darcy does not care much for the personality aspect of different people. However, later in the novel after speaking to her, Mr Darcy recognises her beauty and proposes to her and she rejects him. This shows a huge change in Mr Darcy as he recognises that he must love her to ask her again to marry him. The second time, Elizabeth accepts and the novel reaches its climax when Elizabeth Bennet becomes Elizabeth Darcy. Mr Darcy has married her for her love which shows the change inside him.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Sociological Conflict Theory

Teenage suicide, the third leading cause of death for those 13-18 years old, is a complexity of issues which culminates in a catastrophic action, the causation of which can only be partially examined or explained by the 3 main sociological theories. Functionalism would attempt to illustrate suicide as a working part of society—the weak and possibly the unsuccessful eliminate themselves, allowing society to devote resources to other issues. A con of this theory is that it does not address the issue; what motivated suicide may be a significant issue within society.Another con of this theory is that it fails to see global perspective and even a family view, thereby forcing society to use resources on family; this could be more costly than assisting the anomie. Another theory why teenage suicide is functional to our society is that failed suicide attempts give us invaluable information into the minds of those in this desperate state. A study was taken of teenagers who had attempte d suicide in British Columbia. It found common denominators such as problems in their family situations, the pressure to excel, and low self-esteem.The data collected shows an example of functionalism because it can prevent future suicides. Although suicide is perceived as a completely personal act, it creates negative latent functions that echo throughout society as a whole. When economic times are tough, some social welfare programs may be cut leading to higher suicide rates. One example is that in Europe suicide can affect how economic decisions are made by the government’s welfare programs (International Journal of Social Welfare Article published online: 9 FEB 2011). This ultimately decreases the size of the work force possibly negatively effecting economic recovery.The Marx Conflict Theory does an exemplary job in outlining the precursors for teenage suicide by exposing the underlying conflict existing between classes. This class conflict can be easily seen in American high school today. There are several factors which increase the risk of teenage suicide which vary slightly from survey to survey, but all include stress over relationships and/or performance expectations. The Conflict Theory, however, does little to address the underlying individual motivations involved in teenage suicides.For example, it does not address warning signs or the fact that a predominance of those committing suicide or attempting to commit suicide has at least one, often more than one emotional or psychological disorder. Children from the ages 15-24 are more prone for suicide due to the major changes that are occurring at this stage of life. There are many images and labels associated with teenage suicide, which coincide with the symbolic interactionism theory. Studies show that â€Å"goths† are more likely to commit suicide than â€Å"normal† teens (http://www. cvpy. org/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/goth-teens-dhr. df). The reasons behind a teen's suicide or attempted suicide can be complex; some may even see it as a solution. Feelings of rejection, hurt, loss, anger, shame, or guilt can be contributing factors. Concern over disappointing friends or family members, feeling unwanted, unloved, victimized, or like they're a burden to others can lead to suicidal thoughts. Labeled teenage subcultures are often targets for bullying and teasing, which can lead to a teen’s suicide (http://alterophobia. blogspot. com/2008/05/tempest-smith-another-victim-of-hatred. html).Often, suicidal teens are seen as alienated or unduly stressed, unable to cope with the demands placed on them by their parents, peers, and the media. Within some subcultures, suicide itself may be seen as glamorous, noble, a way to lighten the burden on others, or a way to reject the norms of society. Each theory can contribute to the sociological causation and explanation of teenage suicidal tendencies; none stand alone in providing a thorough explanation of t his societal woe, though symbolic interactionism provides the most adequate examination of the issue, due to the many images and labels that are associated with teenage suicide.